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Topic Review
Serotonin in Neonatal Pulmonary Circulation
Serotonin (5-HT) is a bioamine that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The lung serves as an important site of 5-HT synthesis, uptake, and metabolism with signaling primarily regulated by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the 5-HT transporter (SERT), and numerous unique 5-HT receptors. Accumulating evidence from both clinical and preclinical studies has suggested that the 5-HT signaling pathway may play an important role in neonatal cardiopulmonary transition and the development of PH in newborns. The expression of TPH, SERT, and the 5-HT receptors is developmentally regulated, with alterations resulting in pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling.
  • 257
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials Applied in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the world. At present, reperfusion therapy and neuroprotective therapy, as guidelines for identifying effective and adjuvant treatment methods, are limited by treatment time windows, drug bioavailability, and side effects. Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have the characteristics of extending half-life, increasing bioavailability, targeting drug delivery, controllable drug release, and low toxicity, thus being used in the treatment of ischemic stroke to increase the therapeutic effects of drugs.
  • 178
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals for Efficient Intestinal Lymphatic Targeting
Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) are liquids that have crystalline structures. LLCs as drug delivery systems that can deliver hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic agents. Due to their unique phases and structures, LLCs can protect both small molecules and biologics from the gastrointestinal tract’s harsh environment, thus making LLCs attractive as carriers for oral drug delivery.
  • 338
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity
Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent with proven efficacy in treating various malignancies, including testicular, ovarian, cervical, breast, bladder, head and neck, and lung cancer. Cisplatin is also used to treat tumors in children, such as neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and hepatoblastoma.
  • 266
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Tract
Since its first report in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, COVID-19 has become a pandemic, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although the virus primarily affects the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal symptoms are also common.
  • 271
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Multimodality Imaging for Diagnosis for Fabry Disease
Fabry disease (FD) is a genetic lysosomal storage disease with frequent cardiovascular involvement, whose presence is a major determinant of adverse clinical outcomes. As a potentially treatable cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, the early recognition of FD is crucial to initiate enzyme replacement therapy and improve long-term prognosis. Multimodality imaging plays a central role in the evaluation of patients with FD and helps in the differential diagnosis of other conditions presenting with LVH.
  • 170
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
miRNA as a Therapy Target in Breast Cancer
Most miRNAs are found inside the cell but also migrate in body fluids such as blood, urine, saliva, or breast milk. Thus, these short RNA particles are considered diagnostic and therapeutic markers, especially in cancer, neurology, or cardiology. It is noteworthy that miRNA dysregulation is common in many cancer cases as they can act as both tumor suppressors or oncogenes. miRNA as a therapy target is gaining extensive attention due to its various effects on cancer development. For example, supplementation of miRNA mimics (miR-15a) in prostate cancer cell lines induced apoptosis and blocked cell proliferation. Another study showed that miR-99a reduced breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro and in vivo. Numerous studies showed that targeting miRNA with its antagonists might lead to tumor suppression and efficient, personalized cancer therapy. Significantly, miRNA-targeted therapy may influence a single gene and whole cellular pathways, which can be particularly beneficial. Specifically, the latest approach in miRNA therapeutics is mainly based on two strategies, i.e., the inhibition of oncogenic miRNAs and, hence, the restoration of the expression of tumor-suppressing genes that they target, or restoring the expression of tumor-suppressing miRNAs and consequently inhibiting the oncogenes that they target. Downregulation of tumor miRNA suppressors leads to the overexpression of their target oncogenes. To restore the expression of tumor-suppressing miRNAs, promising areas are the mimic miRNAs. They are small, chemically modified (2′-O’methoxy) double-stranded RNA molecules that mimic the endogenous mature miRNA molecules.
  • 128
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Apps in Anesthesia
Modern anesthesia continues to be impacted in new and unforeseen ways by digital technology. Combining portability and versatility, mobile applications or “apps” provide a multitude of ways to enhance anesthetic and peri-operative care.
  • 392
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Alveolar Damage and Dysfunction in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most aggressive forms of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), marked by an ongoing, chronic fibrotic process within the lung tissue. IPF leads to an irreversible deterioration of lung function, ultimately resulting in an increased mortality rate. 
  • 217
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Microbiome Influence on Lung Cancer Pathogenesis
In the process of carcinogenesis, a direct influence of bacteria has been suggested: (1) via regulating oncogenic signaling pathways in epithelial cells, thus leading to cell cycle disorder, mutagenesis, and DNA damage; (2) on the cells of the immune system, triggering an immune response, production and release of cytokines, thus changing the local immune microenvironment of the host; and (3) through MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns), including the effects of bacteriotoxins, TLRs (toll-like receptors) signaling induction, and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) release. These mechanisms interact in the process of carcinogenesis. For example, it has been found that several microorganisms (Acidovorax, Klebsiella, Rhodoferax, Comamonas, and Polarmonas) were more abundant in squamous cell carcinoma with TP53 mutations in smokers. It has been suggested that lung epithelial cells with TP53 mutations due to tobacco smoke can be invaded by species that take advantage of the new microenvironment and may become tumor-foraging bacteria. Whether these bacteria induce mutations in TP53 is currently under investigation. 
  • 165
  • 30 Nov 2023
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