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Topic Review
Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that has a substantial detrimental impact on a person’s quality of life. The estimated global incidence of SCI is 40 to 80 cases per million people and around 90% of cases are traumatic. Various etiologies can be recognized for SCI, and post-traumatic SCI represents the most common of these. Patients worldwide with SCI suffer from a persistent loss of motor and sensory function, which affects every aspect of their personal and social lives. Given the lack of effective treatments, many efforts have been made to seek a cure for this condition.
  • 191
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), also known as panarteritis nodosa, represents a form of necrotizing vasculitis that predominantly affects medium-sized vessels, although it is not restricted to them and can also involve smaller vessels. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous and characterized by a significant number of patients exhibiting general symptoms, including asthenia, fever, and unintended weight loss. Although PAN can involve virtually any organ, it preferentially affects the skin, nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Orchitis is a rare but specific manifestation of PAN. The absence of granulomas, glomerulonephritis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies serves to distinguish PAN from other types of vasculitis. Major complications consist of hemorrhagic and thrombotic events occurring in mesenteric, cardiac, cerebral, and renal systems. Historically, PAN was frequently linked to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but this association has dramatically changed in recent years due to declining HBV prevalence.
  • 250
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Philadelphia-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Resource-Constrained Settings
Remarkable strides have been performed in the treatment of adults diagnosed with Philadelphia-positive lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) through the integration of newer-generation tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that most medical centers worldwide lack access to these therapies. As a result, primary strategies employed for curing this disease continue to rely on a combination of chemotherapy and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. 
  • 121
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Novel Monoclonal Antibodies in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment
NMABs represent a heterogeneous group of agents, including naked antibodies, immunotoxins, and T-cell-engaging molecules. Several NMABs have either gained regulatory approval or are on the verge of introduction into clinical practice, addressing multiple therapeutic indications and treatment regimens. Their anticipated impact is expected to be broad, initially in the context of relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease and subsequently extending to early treatment lines.
  • 332
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Management of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing disorder affecting thousands of people worldwide, especially in industrialised countries, increasing mortality. Oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, dysbiosis, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension are important factors linked to MS clusters of different pathologies, such as diabesity, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. All biochemical changes observed in MS, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, immune response, endothelial cell function and intestinal microbiota, promote pathological bridges between metabolic syndrome, diabesity and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. 
  • 290
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Age-Associated Changes of Sirtuin 2 Expression
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), one of the seven members of the sirtuin family, has emerged as a potential regulator of aging and age-related pathologies since several studies have demonstrated that it shows age-related changes in humans and different animal models. A detailed analysis of the relevant works addressing this topic shows that the changes that occur in SIRT2 with aging seem to be opposite in the brain and in the periphery. 
  • 147
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Angiogenic Agents in Thymic Epithelial Tumor Treatment
Thymomas and thymic carcinomas are included in the rare group of cancers of the anterior mediastinum known as thymic epithelial tumors (TET). Their origin is the thymus’ epithelial cells. Anti-angiogenics have shown their potential efficacy in many solid tumors; however, their place in the treatment of thymic epithelial tumors (TET) comprising thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC) is less clear. Angiogenesis significantly influences TET carcinogenesis. Both thymomas and TC overexpress VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 and -2.
  • 245
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Vestibular Syndromes including PPPD and MdDS
Overall, the clinical spectrum of vestibular migraine (VM) is broad, with patients describing a range of dizziness symptoms, accompanying symptoms and duration of attacks. When dizziness symptoms become more prolonged, they merge with other chronic vestibular syndromes such as persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) and mal de débarquement syndrome (MdDS).
  • 566
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gastro-Esophageal Junction Precancerosis
A diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) requires the macroscopic visualization of gastric-appearing mucosa in the esophagus and the identification of intestinal metaplasia on histologic examination. Histologic diagnosis of BE dysplasia can be challenging due to sampling error, pathologists’ experience, interobserver variation, and difficulty in histologic interpretation: all these problems complicate patient management.
  • 110
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cannabinoids as Modulators of Nrf2 Pathway
The development and progression of cancer are associated with the dysregulation of multiple pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, as well as dysfunction in redox balance, immune response, and inflammation. The master antioxidant pathway, known as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, regulates the cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, making it a promising cancer prevention and treatment target. Cannabinoids have demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, affecting signaling pathways, including Nrf2.
  • 249
  • 15 Dec 2023
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