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Topic Review
Pathogenetic Basis of Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a particularly aggressive cancer arising from mesothelial cells lining the thoracic (pleura) cavity whose development has been related to the exposure to carcinogenic biopersistent mineral fibers, mainly asbestos. Pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive disease with diffuse nature, low median survival, and prolonged latency presenting difficulty in prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment. 
  • 118
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Clinical Presentation
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are two common diseases in elderly populations. Despite the effectiveness of oral anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke prevention, intracranial hemorrhage represents the most serious complication of these therapies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is one of the main risk factors for spontaneous intracranial bleeding, and this risk is highly increased by age and concomitant antithrombotic therapies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy can be silent for years and then manifest with clinical features simulating TIA (TIA-mimics) or stroke in AF patients, pushing clinicians to rapidly start Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), thus increasing the risk of intracranial bleeding if the diagnosis of CAA was unknown. Because the cerebral amyloid angiopathy is easily diagnosed with non-contrast MRI, suspecting the disease can avoid catastrophic complications.
  • 306
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Platform for Advancing Vaccine Development Against COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on societies, public health, healthcare systems, and the world economy. Vaccination emerged as the most effective strategy to combat this infectious disease. For vaccination strategies, any conventional vaccine approach using attenuated live or inactivated/engineered virus, as well as other approaches, typically requires years of research and assessment. However, the urgency of the situation promoted a faster and more effective approach to vaccine development against COVID-19. The role of nanotechnology in designing, manufacturing, boosting, and delivering vaccines to the host to counter this virus was unquestionably valued and assessed.
  • 308
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Application of MiR-193a in Glomerular Disease
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate the protein expression of coding messenger RNAs. They are used as biomarkers to aid in diagnosing, prognosticating, and surveillance of diseases, especially solid cancers. MiR-193a was shown to be directly pathogenic in an experimental mouse model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Its specific binding and downregulation of Wilm’s tumor-1 (WT-1), a transcription factor regulating podocyte phenotype, is documented. Also, miR-193a is a regulator switch causing the transdifferentiation of glomerular parietal epithelial cells to a podocyte phenotype in in vitro study. Interaction between miR-193a and apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1) mRNA in glomeruli (filtration units of kidneys) is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of common glomerular diseases.
  • 120
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor in Lung Development and Lung Cancer
Sex hormones (SHs) and their receptors (SHRs) play a crucial role in human sexual dimorphism and have been traditionally associated with hormone-dependent cancers like breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. Research has broadened the understanding by revealing connections with other types of cancers, such as lung cancer (LC), where the androgen receptor (AR) plays a significant role. 
  • 243
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Visible Light as a Therapeutic Option for Pigmentary Disorders
Visible-light therapy (VLT) is commonly used for various skin diseases, mostly as a second-line option. Likewise, it plays a primary or adjunctive role in the clinical management of pigmentary disorders. In the treatment of pigmentary disorders, there are three primary types of visible-light therapies utilized: laser, intense pulsed light (IPL), and LED therapy. Each type of light has unique features and mechanisms that cater to different skin conditions and disorders.
  • 254
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Vibroacoustic Pollution in the Neonatal Ward
Excessive noise pollution is often a problem for neonatal nurseries. Noise pollution involves not only noise but also vibrations. The main difference between them is that noise can be heard, and vibrations are felt. The human ear cannot detect waves outside the range of 20 Hz–20 KHz. Waves from 0 Hz to 80–100 Hz should be considered vibrations. Both can be transmitted to the neonate through the incubator’s operational mechanisms and other noise sources. Neonatal units’ noise is well studied but very little is known about vibration. This entry focuses on the importance of vibrations reaching the inside of incubators in neonatal nurseries.
  • 534
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Pathology for Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors of Ovary
Ovarian sex cord–stromal tumors (SCSTs) account for 8% of all primary ovarian neo-plasms. Accurate diagnosis is crucial since each subtype has a specific prognostic and treatment. Apart from fibrosarcomas, stromal tumors are benign while sex cord tumors may recur, sometimes with a significant time to relapse. Although the diagnosis based on morphology is straightforward, in some cases the distinction between stromal tumors and sex cord tumors may be tricky. Indeed, the immunophenotype is usually nonspecific between stromal tumors and sex cord tumors.
  • 188
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Clinical and Forensic Aspect of Xylazine Poisoning
Xylazine abuse is emerging globally, while the identification of xylazine lethal cases poses a great challenge in clinical and forensic practice. The non-specific symptoms delay the diagnosis and treatment of xylazine poisoning, the pathological changes and lethal concentration of xylazine in body fluid and organs of fatal xylazine poisoning cases are seldom reported and the other toxins detected in such cases complicate the role of xylazine in the cause of death. 
  • 209
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neonatal Physiologic Changes Affecting Drug Disposition Process
Neonates are the most physiologically immature and vulnerable to drug dosing. There is a pronounced difference in the anatomical and physiological profiles between neonates and older people, affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in vivo, ultimately leading to changes in drug concentration. 
  • 170
  • 25 Dec 2023
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