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Topic Review
Laboratory Considerations for High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have revolutionized the assessment of myocardial stress and injury due to their superior sensitivity and accuracy in detecting even minor cardiac damage. However, hs-cTn is often included in the initial blood draw for baseline assessment in such patients and has prognostic value in predicting in-hospital and long-term mortality.
  • 90
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Wavefront Sensors and Aberration Sensors in Ophthalmology
The wavefront sensor is one of the main elements of the adaptive vision correction system. Its task is to measure the aberrations of the wavefront and transmit the results of these measurements to the processing device. The main causes of wavefront aberrations in the eye are the shape and optical properties of the cornea, pupil and lens. In modern diagnostic devices, wave aberrations are described in terms of Zernike polynomials (OSA and ANSI standards). Nowadays, there are a wide variety of wavefront sensors.
  • 170
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Changes of NF-κB Signaling in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, with an estimated 52,000 deaths in 2023. Though significant progress has been made in both diagnosis and treatment of CRC in recent years, genetic heterogeneity of CRC—the culprit for possible CRC relapse and drug resistance, is still an insurmountable challenge. Thus, developing more effective therapeutics to overcome this challenge in new CRC treatment strategies is imperative. Genetic and epigenetic changes are well recognized to be responsible for the stepwise development of CRC malignancy. 
  • 137
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a frequent neoplasm in western countries, mainly due to dietary and behavioral factors. Its incidence is growing in developing countries for the westernization of foods and lifestyles. An increased incidence rate is observed in patients under 45 years of age. In recent years, the mortality for CRC is decreased, but this trend is slowing. The mortality rate is reducing in those countries where prevention and treatments have been implemented. The survival is increased to over 65%. This trend reflects earlier detection of CRC through routine clinical examinations and screening, more accurate staging through advances in imaging, improvements in surgical techniques, and advances in chemotherapy and radiation. 
  • 177
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging
Cognitive impairment and dementia are burgeoning public health concerns, especially given the increasing longevity of the global population. These conditions not only affect the quality of life of individuals and their families, but also pose significant economic burdens on healthcare systems. 
  • 284
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Müllerian Agenesis Causing Congenital Uterine Factor Infertility
Infertility affects around 1 in 5 couples in the world. Congenital absence of the uterus results in absolute infertility in females. Müllerian agenesis is the nondevelopment of the uterus. Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a condition of uterovaginal agenesis in the presence of normal ovaries and the 46 XX Karyotype. With advancements in reproductive techniques, women with MA having biological offspring is possible. 
  • 419
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Addressing Challenges in EMS Department Operations
Emergency medical services (EMS) are essential in providing timely medical attention and transportation to people in need during times of crisis. Effective EMS operations are crucial for delivering prompt and effective healthcare. However, the landscape of EMS operations is constantly evolving, posing a number of challenges that require rigorous research and innovative solutions.
  • 340
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Inflammation in Obesity
Obesity affects more than one billion people worldwide and often leads to cardiometabolic chronic comorbidities. It induces senescence-related alterations in adipose tissue, and senescence is closely linked to obesity. Fully elucidating the pathways through which vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects may improve our understanding of local adipose tissue inflammation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.
  • 213
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Complications of Pancreaticoduodenectomy with Concurrent Colectomies
A pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is one of the most challenging abdominal surgical procedures and is associated with increased rates of postoperative complications, including severe ones, potentially leading to postoperative deaths. Even at very high-volume centers for pancreatic resections, the morbidity rates after PD are relatively high, while the perioperative mortality cannot be neglected. Multi-visceral resections for colon and pancreatic cancer (PDAC) are feasible, safe, and justified for early and late outcomes. However, the use of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with concurrent colectomies is highly debatable in terms of morbidity and oncological benefits.
  • 167
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostics for Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Patients with Hypertension
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a clinical entity linked with various risk factors that significantly affect cardiac morbidity and mortality. Hypertension, one of the most important, causes both functional and structural alterations in the microvasculature, promoting the occurrence and progression of microvascular angina. Endothelial dysfunction and capillary rarefaction play the most significant role in the development of CMD among patients with hypertension. CMD is also related to several hypertension-induced morphological and functional changes in the myocardium in the subclinical and early clinical stages, including left ventricular hypertrophy, interstitial myocardial fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. This indicates the fact that CMD, especially if associated with hypertension, is a subclinical marker of end-organ damage and heart failure, particularly that with preserved ejection fraction.
  • 166
  • 29 Dec 2023
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