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Topic Review
Childhood Obesity in Kidney
The prevalence of childhood obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is steadily increasing worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. While the impact of obesity in children with CKD is less pronounced than in adults, recent studies suggest a similar trend in the child population. This is likely due to the significant association between obesity and the two leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD): diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Obesity is a complex, systemic disease that reflects interactions between environmental and genetic factors. A key mechanism of kidney damage is related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Therefore, it can be speculated about an adipose tissue–kidney axis in which neurohormonal and immunological mechanisms exacerbate complications resulting from obesity. Adipose tissue, now recognized as an endocrine organ, secretes cytokines called adipokines that may induce adaptive or maladaptive responses in renal cells, leading to kidney fibrosis. The impact of obesity on kidney transplant-related outcomes for both donors and recipients is also significant, making stringent preventive measures critical in the pre- and post-transplant phases. The challenge lies in identifying renal involvement as early as possible, as it is often completely asymptomatic and not detectable through common markers of kidney function. Ongoing research into innovative technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, aims to identify new biomarkers and is constantly evolving. Many aspects of pediatric disease progression in the population of children with obesity still require clarification. However, the latest scientific evidence in the field of nephrology offers glimpses into various new perspectives, such as genetic factors, comorbidities, and novel biomarkers. Investigating these aspects early could potentially improve the prognosis of these young patients through new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • 257
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hydrolyzable Tannins' (Castanea Sativa) Mechanism of Action
Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) deriving from chestnuts have demonstrated, through numerous studies, the ability to exert multiple beneficial effects, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, on the lipid metabolism and cancer cells. The latter effect is very fascinating, since different polyphenols deriving from chestnuts were able to synergistically induce the inhibition of cancerous cells through multiple pathways. Moreover, the main mechanisms by which tannins induce antioxidant functions include: the reduction in oxidative stress, the ability to scavenge free radicals, and the modulation of specific enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase. 
  • 247
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy on Cardiovascular System
Cancer remains one of the leading killers world-wide. New drugs to treat cancer that exploit the immune system to attack cancer have been developed called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). As use of these potent anti-cancer therapeutics have grown, researchers have noticed an unsettling association with use of ICIs and cardiovascular complications known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). 
  • 232
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Golgi Apparatus as an Anticancer Therapeutic Target
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a central hub in our cells, helping modify and move proteins and lipids. When the GA does not work correctly, it can affect cell processes linked to cancer. This dysregulation can impact how proteins are changed, where they go in and outside the cell, how cells use energy, or even the structure of the extracellular matrix and the environment. That is why targeting the GA could be an appealing approach to treat cancer. Surprisingly, there are no anticancer drugs approved that specifically target the GA.
  • 303
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Atopic March or Atopic Multimorbidity
The atopic march encompasses a sequence of allergic conditions, including atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, that frequently develop in a sequential pattern within the same individual. It was introduced as a conceptual framework aimed at elucidating the developmental trajectory of allergic conditions during childhood. Following the introduction of this concept, it was initially believed that the atopic march represented the sole and definitive trajectory of the development of allergic diseases. 
  • 236
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Current Management for PAH-CHD
Current management of patients with congenital heart disease has increased their survival into adulthood. This is accompanied by potential cardiac complications, including pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD). PAH-CHD constitutes a challenging subgroup of pulmonary hypertension and requires expert management to improve quality of life and prognosis. Novel agents have shown a significant improvement in morbidity and mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
  • 252
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Food in QoL of COPD Patients
The diet has been described as a modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of chronic diseases, and emerging evidence increasingly highlights its preventive and therapeutic role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While the association between underlying conditions such as metabolic disorders, obesity, diabetes, etc., and diet is natural, the direct impact is not as obvious in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The quality of poor nutrition and the development of nutrient deficiencies in respiratory diseases, including COPD, can be correlated with disease-specific factors such as worsening respiratory symptoms. These symptoms can be improved through dietary interventions, leading to positive changes in the pathogenesis of the disease and the quality of life for patients.
  • 298
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Drug Treatments for Hair Loss
Apoptosis is a physiological process that occurs in all cell types of the human body, and it profoundly changes the fate of hair by affecting hair follicle cells. Apoptosis induces cellular changes and exhibits distinctive properties through intricate signaling pathways. Hair follicles undergo cyclic periods of growth, regression, and dormancy. Apoptosis is closely correlated with the regression phase by triggering hair follicle cell death and shedding. Regulation of apoptosis in hair follicles plays an essential role in hair loss due to maladies and drug treatments. Mitigating apoptosis can enhance hair growth and minimize hair loss. 
  • 275
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms for Resistance to Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibition
Inhibitors of PARP have been designed so that that they can be useful in the clinic by using their synthetic lethality feature. PARP inhibitors are known as the first synthetic-lethality-inducing agents allowed to be used in the clinic. Although PARP1 inhibitors are primarily used in the clinic to treat cancers with an impaired homologous recombination signaling pathway (especially BRCA1 mutation), they have recently been used as part of an adjunctive therapy in other solid cancers. This was based on the possibility that carriers without a HRD are susceptible to PARPi due to their BRCAness dependency.
  • 152
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Paediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterized by restrictive ventricular pathophysiology determined by increased myocardial stiffness. While suspicion of RCM is initially raised by clinical evaluation and supported by electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, invasive hemodynamic evaluation is often required for diagnosis and management of patients during follow-up. RCM is commonly associated with a poor prognosis and a high incidence of heart failure, and PH is reported in paediatric patients with RCM. Only a few therapies are available for specific RCM aetiologies. Early referral to centres for advanced heart failure treatment is often necessary.
  • 164
  • 02 Jan 2024
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