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Topic Review
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Adult Patients
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a metabolic condition characterized by elevated blood homocysteine (Hcy) levels, which is implicated in various disorders, serving as a potential risk factor for serious complications.
  • 143
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The NRF2 Pathway Regulates Cellular Responses to Stress
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) belongs to the cap “n” collar (CNC) family of transcription factors and is found in the cytoplasm of non-stressed cells in a combined form with KEAP1. Oxidative stress activates the transcription factor NRF2, which plays a key role in alleviating redox-induced cellular injury.
  • 129
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dersimelagon in the Treatment of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a genetic disorder stemming from reduced ferrochelatase expression, the final enzyme in the pathway of heme biosynthesis. A closely related condition, X-linked protoporphyria (XLP), bears similar clinical features although it arises from the heightened activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase 2 (ALAS2), the first and normally rate-controlling enzyme in heme biosynthesis in developing red blood cells. Both of these abnormalities result in the buildup of protoporphyrin IX, leading to excruciating light sensitivity and, in a minority of cases, potentially fatal liver complications. Traditionally, managing EPP and XLP involved sun avoidance. However, the emergence of innovative therapies, such as dersimelagon, is reshaping the therapeutic landscape for these conditions.
  • 403
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19 on Oral Health
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission are generally known to be produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity (O.C.) of infected subjects, as stated by the World Health Organization. Saliva also retains the viral particles and aids in the spread of COVID-19. 
  • 117
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacomicrobiomics and Drug–Infection Interactions
Microorganisms have a close relationship with humans, whether it is commensal, symbiotic, or pathogenic. It has been documented that microorganisms may influence the response to drug therapy. Pharmacomicrobiomics is an emerging field that focuses on the study of how variations in the microbiome affect the disposition, action, and toxicity of drugs. Two additional sciences have been added to complement pharmacomicrobiomics, namely toxicomicrobiomics, which explores how the microbiome influences drug metabolism and toxicity, and pharmacoecology, which refers to modifications in the microbiome as a result of drug administration. Additionally, the concept of "drug-infection interaction" is included to describe the influence of pathogenic microorganisms on drug response. This entry analyzes in detail each of these concepts.
  • 489
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vitamin D with Ovarian Reserve Markers and Depression
Since the identification of vitamin D receptors in both the female reproductive tract and the central nervous system, further data have shown that vitamin D is involved in the processes of reproductive and mental health.
  • 173
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance
The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, presents a current public health challenge. Over the years, the pathogen has developed resistance to different antibiotics, leaving few effective treatment options. High-level resistance to key drugs, including ceftriaxone, has become a concerning reality.
  • 175
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Central Lines and Their Complications in Neonates
Central lines are essential devices in NICUs, used primarily in preterm neonates and critically ill term neonates. They are typically divided into non-tunnelled, tunnelled and totally implanted. In light of the increasing use of central lines in the NICU setting, monitoring of the risk factors associated with complications has to be an important part of neonatal care quality management. 
  • 155
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Amino Acids and Cancer Treatment
The antioxidant properties of amino acids and their role in the physicochemical processes accompanying oxidative stress in cancer remain unclear. Cancer cells are known to extensively uptake amino acids, which are used as an energy source, antioxidant precursors that reduce oxidative stress in cancer, and as regulators of inhibiting or inducing tumor cell-associated gene expression. Nine amino acids (Cys, His, Phe, Met, Trp, Tyr, Pro, Arg, Lys) are examined, which play a key role in the non-enzymatic oxidative process in various cancers. Conventionally, these amino acids can be divided into two groups, in one of which the activity increases (Cys, Phe, Met, Pro, Arg, Lys) in cancer, and in the other, it decreases (His, Trp, Tyr). 
  • 161
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Psychological Aspects of Eating Disorders in Adolescents
During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity in children was observed. It appears that unhealthy food choices, an unbalanced diet, and a sedentary lifestyle, as well as experiencing stress related to the pandemic, may be contributing to this disturbing trend. Chronic stress is a significant factor contributing to eating disorders and obesity in youngsters, involving medical, molecular, and psychological elements. Individuals under chronic stress often focus on appearance and weight, leading to negative body image and disrupted relationships with food, resulting in unhealthy eating behaviors. Chronic stress also impacts hormonal balance, reducing the satiety hormone leptin and elevating the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin, fostering increased hunger and uncontrolled snacking. Two systems, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the sympathetic system with the adrenal medulla, are activated in response to stress, causing impaired secretion of noradrenaline and cortisol. Stress-related obesity mechanisms encompass oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, and neurohormonal and neurotransmission disorders. Stress induces insulin resistance, elevating obesity risk by disrupting blood sugar regulation and fat storage. Stress also affects the gut microbiome, potentially influencing chronic inflammation and metabolic processes linked to obesity. 
  • 145
  • 04 Jan 2024
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