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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Journey to Hear: The Evolution of Cochlear Implants
Cochlear implants (CIs), a revolutionary breakthrough in auditory technology, have profoundly impacted the lives of individuals with severe hearing impairment. Surgically implanted behind the ear and within the delicate cochlea, these devices represent a direct pathway to restoring the sense of hearing. Implanting hope alongside innovation, their captivating history unfolds through pivotal dates and transformative milestones. From the first human implantation by Drs. William House and John Doyle in 1961 to FDA approval in 1984, each step in their evolution mirrors a triumph of human ingenuity. The 1990s witnessed significant miniaturization, enhancing accessibility, while the 21st century brought about improvements in speech processing and electrode technology. These strides have elevated CIs beyond functional devices to life-changing instruments, enriching both auditory experiences and communication skills. This entry delves into the captivating history of CIs, spotlighting key dates that paint a vivid picture of challenges overcome and remarkable progress achieved. It explores the people and moments that defined their development, ultimately shaping these implants into indispensable tools that continually redefine the landscape of hearing assistance.
  • 688
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Brain Health and Cognition in Older Adults
Defined by the WHO as dynamic and adaptable across life stages, it emphasizes the importance of cognitive function in aging and the need to prevent cognitive decline. Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) emerges as a precursor to cognitive decline, with potential markers for progression identified. Preventive strategies target modifiable risk factors like diabetes, depression, and lifestyle choices, with multidomain personalized interventions showing promise in preserving cognitive function. The approach should also extends beyond high-risk individuals to a universal preventive model, stressing societal and political changes to promote brain health globally.
  • 155
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Urgent-Start Peritoneal Dialysis
Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis (USPD) is defined as peritoneal dialysis initiated within 14 days of catheter insertion.
  • 176
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Berberine in Diabetes and Related Complications Treatment
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be extracted from herbs such as Coptis, Phellodendron, and Berberis. BBR has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various disorders. It is a multi-target drug with multiple mechanisms. Studies have shown that it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also adjust intestinal microbial flora. 
  • 154
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Parenteral Cysteine Supplementation in Preterm Infants
Term infants with specific pathologies and preterm infants are frequently unable to feed and need parenteral nutrition (PN) to provide adequate calories and necessary nutrients that promote growth and sustain essential biological functions. Amino acid (AA) solutions are an integral part of standard PN administered in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). These AA solutions contain variable amounts of both essential and nonessential AAs. A low plasma level of any AA indicates a relative deficiency of this AA, which may be detrimental to nitrogen balance, growth and the specific functions related to this AA. Multiple studies confirmed low plasma cysteine in parenterally fed neonates. Cysteine plays an important role in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, which is a cornerstone in keeping the oxidant–antioxidant balance in preterm infants who are exposed to high oxidative stress induced mainly by O2 supplementation and PN contaminated with peroxide. To respond to the urgent need for changing the current methods of parenteral cysteine supplementation, glutathione addition to PN is presented as an innovative alternative with promising results in an animal model. Future directions for research in this field are proposed.
  • 193
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MRI-Based Assessment of Rectal Cancer Post-Neoadjuvant Therapy
Rectal cancer presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, with neoadjuvant therapy playing a pivotal role in improving resectability and patient outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a critical tool in assessing treatment response.
  • 208
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Diabetes
Sarcopenia is an age-related clinical complaint characterized by the progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and strength over time. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with faster and more relevant skeletal muscle impairment. Both conditions influence each other, leading to negative consequences on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, general health status, risk of falls, frailty, overall quality of life, and mortality.
  • 257
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Challenges in Physician–Patient Communication for Dietary Supplements
Dietary supplements are widely utilized by cancer patients as part of a complementary and integrative approach to their healthcare. However, a significant portion of patients refrain from discussing their supplement use with their physicians, often due to the perceived indifference or negativity of their healthcare providers. This communication gap exposes patients to unreliable information sources and potential risks associated with uninformed supplementation. As the healthcare landscape evolves, there is an increasing recognition of the pivotal role that physicians play in guiding patients’ healthcare decisions. A patient-centered perspective prioritizes the provision of evidence-based information tailored to the individual’s needs. It advocates for open discussions about potential risks and fosters shared decision making, respecting patient autonomy. Additionally, this approach involves offering alternative options, documenting patient preferences, and ensuring ongoing support while coordinating with the healthcare team.
  • 154
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Auditory Mismatch Responses and Speech Perception Development
Auditory Mismatch Responses (MMR), as the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and Late Discriminative Negativity (LDN), change from birth to adulthood, reflecting auditory and brain maturation and language experience. Throughout development, the MMR can present a different polarity, latency, amplitude, and scalp distribution than the adult MMN/LDN. In addition, conventional ERP analysis can be complemented with time–frequency analysis (TF) to preserver non-stimulus locked neural activity, which is abundant in paediatric EEG. Although TF analysis is less popular in the MMN research field, it may help further our understanding of how speech perception develops in early childhood and in clinical populations in particular, as children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD).
  • 140
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Toll-like Receptor 2 in Breast Cancer
TLR2 activation by pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs, respectively), activates a signaling cascade initiated by Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response protein 88 (MyD88). The consequent recruitment of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)–TNF Receptor Associated Factor (TRAF) complex leads to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. This induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and in cancer cells, may stimulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proliferation.
  • 155
  • 12 Jan 2024
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