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Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and its development is linked to multifactorial interactions between the environment, genetics, aging and lifestyle. The pathological hallmarks in AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neurotoxic events and impaired glucose metabolism. Due to pharmacological limitations and in view of the prevailing glycemic hypometabolism, the ketogenic diet (KD) emerges as a promising non-pharmacological possibility for managing AD, an approach that has already demonstrated efficacy in addressing other disorders, notably epilepsy. The KD consists of a food regimen in which carbohydrate intake is discouraged at the expense of increased lipid consumption, inducing metabolic ketosis whereby the main source of energy becomes ketone bodies instead of glucose. Thus, under these dietary conditions, neuronal death via lack of energy would be decreased, inasmuch as the metabolism of lipids is not impaired in AD. In this way, the clinical picture of patients with AD would potentially improve via the slowing down of symptoms and delaying of the progression of the disease.
  • 203
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a form of heart failure, often severe, that occurs in previously healthy women at the end of their pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. In PPCM, the recovery of heart muscle function reaches 45–50%.
  • 326
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Intracranial Aneurysms
Intracranial aneurysms represent a major global health burden. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a catastrophic event. Without access to treatment, the fatality rate is 50% in the first 30 days. Over the last three decades, treatment approaches for intracranial aneurysms have changed dramatically. There have been improvements in the medical management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and there has been an evolution of treatment strategies. Endovascular therapy is now the mainstay of the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms based on robust randomised controlled trial data. 
  • 279
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Thiophenes
Thiophenes represent a small family of natural metabolites featured by one to five thiophene rings. Numerous plant species belonging to the family Asteraceae commonly produce thiophenes. These metabolites possessed remarkable bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal, antioxidant, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and nematicidal properties.
  • 255
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Phenotypes of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
The link between endometriosis and adenomyosis has been suggested in theories that identified endometrial abnormalities in instances where both conditions coexist, particularly in patients with infertility. When—during the second half of the 19th century—the presence of epithelial cells on the peritoneal surface and within the myometrium was first identified, endometriosis (except for ovarian endometriomas) and adenomyosis were considered under the common name ‘adenomyoma’. Subsequently, in the 1920s, as they came to be regarded as separate entities, the terms adenomyosis and endometriosis gained wide acceptance. Interestingly, the term endometriosis also came to be used as an overarching term that encompasses instances where endometrial tissue is present outside the lining of the uterus. Adenomyosis came to be referred to as endometriosis interna to distinguish it from cases where the aberrant endometrium is present outside the uterus, which was referred to as endometriosis externa.
  • 140
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Anti-CD20 Antibodies in the Management of B-Cell Lymphomas
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of lymphomas by improving the survival of patients, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy. Efforts to improve the on-targeting CD20 expressed on lymphomas through novel bioengineering techniques have led to the development of newer anti-CD20 mAbs that have accentuated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell medicated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and/or a direct killing effect.
  • 136
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
PD-L1 Immunohistochemical Expression and Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly aggressive type of skin cancer with a high mortality rate.
  • 228
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Integrated Diagnostics of Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are commonly detected in daily clinical practice, and their diagnosis and therapy usually involve different specialists and various diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Thyroid nodule management requires the integration of laboratory, imaging, and pathology examinations to achieve a proper diagnosis. It enables the elimination of unnecessary therapeutic procedures in many individuals and the timely identification of patients who require specific therapies. Furthermore, bioinformatics may change the current management of clinical data, enabling more personalized diagnostic approaches for patients with thyroid nodules.
  • 197
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Stem Cells as Therapeutics for Ischaemic Stroke
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Current reperfusion treatments for ischaemic stroke are limited due to their narrow therapeutic window in rescuing ischaemic penumbra. Stem cell therapy offers a promising alternative. As a regenerative medicine, stem cells offer a wider range of treatment strategies, including long-term intervention for chronic patients, through the reparation and replacement of injured cells via mechanisms of differentiation and proliferation.
  • 217
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Anatomy of Pelvic Autonomic Nerve System
The pelvic autonomic nerve system is a complex network divided into three parts—the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. The enteric nervous system controls the functions of the gastrointestinal tract and is not associated with the autonomic innervation of the pelvis. Therefore, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve plexuses innervate the pelvic viscera. The superior hypogastric plexus (SHP), sympathetic trunk, hypogastric nerves (HNs), and most parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) contribute to the sympathetic system of the pelvis.
  • 201
  • 15 Jan 2024
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