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Topic Review
Targeting Glucose Metabolism to Overcoming Drug Resistance
The “Warburg effect” consists of a metabolic shift in energy production from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. The continuous activation of glycolysis in cancer cells causes rapid energy production and an increase in lactate, leading to the acidification of the tumour microenvironment, chemo- and radioresistance, as well as poor patient survival. Nevertheless, the mitochondrial metabolism can be also involved in aggressive cancer characteristics. The metabolic differences between cancer and normal tissues can be considered the Achilles heel of cancer, offering a strategy for new therapies. One of the main causes of treatment resistance consists of the increased expression of efflux pumps, and multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, which are able to export chemotherapeutics out of the cell. Cells expressing MDR proteins require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to mediate the efflux of their drug substrates. Thus, inhibition of the main energy-producing pathways in cancer cells, not only induces cancer cell death per se, but also overcomes multidrug resistance. 
  • 230
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Relationship between EEG Abnormalities and the ASD Phenotype
The comorbidity between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and epilepsy has been widely demonstrated, and many hypotheses regarding the common neurobiological bases of these disorders have been put forward. A variable, but significant, prevalence of abnormalities on electroencephalogram (EEG) has been documented in non-epileptic children with ASD; therefore, several scientific studies have tried to demonstrate the role of these abnormalities as a possible biomarker of altered neural connectivity in ASD individuals.
  • 250
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Beneficial Effects of Capsaicin in Kidney Diseases
Capsaicin, the organic compound which attributes the spicy flavor and taste of red peppers and chili peppers, has been extensively studied for centuries as a potential natural remedy for the treatment of several illnesses. The identification of novel, effective renoprotective agents for improving the treatment of renal diseases remains a largely unmet need. Nowadays, promising evidence has been accumulated demonstrating different experimental benefits of capsaicin in some of the most important and complicated renal diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Additionally, capsaicin may also play a protective role against renal fibrosis and pathological arterial calcifications, two hallmarks of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), and could partly antagonize the detrimental effects of nephrovascular and salt-sensitive hypertension.
  • 228
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Application of Membrane Technology in the Pharmaceutical Industry
With the advancement in membrane technology, membrane separation technology has been found increasingly widespread applications in the pharmaceutical industry. It is utilized in drug separation and purification, wastewater treatment, and the recycling of wastewater resources. 
  • 233
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Non-Dopaminergic Antipsychotic Mechanisms of Neuroleptic Drugs
In 1957, Arvid Carlsson discovered that dopamine, at the time believed to be nothing more than a norepinephrine precursor, was a brain neurotransmitter in and of itself. By 1963, postsynaptic dopamine blockade had become the cornerstone of psychiatric treatment as it appeared to have deciphered the “chlorpromazine enigma”, a 1950s term, denoting the action mechanism of antipsychotic drugs.
  • 145
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cofilin Dysregulation in Stroke and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
Cofilin is an essential protein in cytoskeletal dynamics, and any dysregulation could lead to potentially serious complications. Cofilin’s involvement is underscored by its impact on pathological hallmarks like Aβ plaques and α-synuclein aggregates, triggering synaptic dysfunction, dendritic spine loss, and impaired neuronal plasticity, leading to cognitive decline. 
  • 218
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Food Groups' Effects on Gut Microbiota and T2DM
Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Considering the effects of macro- and micronutrients on gut microbiota and T2DM, food groups and dietary patterns are major determinants of the gut microbiota–metabolic disorder axis. 
  • 281
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases
Interleukins (ILs) are signaling molecules that are crucial in regulating immune responses during infectious diseases. Pro-inflammatory ILs contribute to the activation and recruitment of immune cells, whereas anti-inflammatory ILs help to suppress excessive inflammation and promote tissue repair. 
  • 191
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Menstrual Blood-Derived Stem Cells for Vaginal Atrophy Management
Risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is a surgical procedure that includes bilateral removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes and is often recommended for individuals who carry breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and 2 (BRCA2) mutations, which are associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC).
  • 102
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Immune based treatments (ITs) represent one of the most important strategies in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), like allogeneic stem cell transplant. however, ITs clinical development in AML is still in its infancy. This work provides up to date information on current research in the field.
  • 109
  • 23 Jan 2024
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