Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Indication
In medicine, an indication is a valid reason to use a certain test, medication, procedure, or surgery. There can be multiple indications to use a procedure or medication. An indication can commonly be confused with the term diagnosis. A diagnosis is the assessment that a particular [medical] condition is present while an indication is a reason for use. The opposite of an indication is a contraindication, a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment because the risks of treatment clearly outweigh the benefits. In the United States, indications for prescription drugs are approved by the FDA. Indications are included in the Indications and Usage section of the Prescribing Information. The primary role of this section of labeling is to enable health care practitioners to readily identify appropriate therapies for patients by clearly communicating the drug’s approved indication(s). The Indications and Usage section states the disease or condition, or manifestation or symptoms thereof, for which the drug is approved, as well as whether the drug is indicated for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, relief, or diagnosis of that disease or condition. Additionally, the Indications and Usage section should contain the approved age groups as well as other information necessary to describe appropriate use (e.g., identifying the indicated patient/disease subgroups, stating if adjunctive therapy is required).
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF) is a variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. HMF and classic (erythematous patch/plaque) Mycosis Fungoides (MF) display contrasting clinical characteristics: (i) HMF presents with light colored to achromic patches, as opposed to classic MF, which presents with erythematous scaly patches, plaques, tumors or erythroderma, (ii) HMF primarily affects individuals with darker skin types (Fitzpatrick phototypes IV-VI), while classic MF affects mostly Caucasians, (iii) HMF is commonly seen in pediatric/adolescents and young adults, whereas classic MF is more prevalent in elderly individuals, and (iv) the predominant malignant cells in HMF are CD8+T-cells, as opposed to CD4+T-cells in classic MF. Our recent review paper highlights that active antitumor immune response, specifically a Th1/cytotoxic antitumor immune response seen robustly in HMF, is likely responsible for the differential behavior between these two MF variants. Furthermore, we propose that the hypopigmentation (clinical sign) may serve as a surrogate marker for the presence of antitumor immune response and may portend better prognosis. 
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Different Definitions of Dyslexia
Defining dyslexia has still not reached a consensus. This uncertainty may explain why only one of the seven definitions proved satisfactory according to the four-level model. Today, dyslexia is a term that is commonly known and denotes an innate disposition leading to reading and/or writing difficulties. Medicine, linguistics, psychology, pedagogics, social sciences have been involved in assessing dyslexia from different angles.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phenobarbital Pharmacokinetics in Neonates
Phenobarbital is a first-line treatment of various seizure types in newborns. Dosage individualization maximizing the proportion of patients with drug levels in therapeutic range or sufficient treatment response is still challenging. The available evidence on phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in neonates and its possible covariates suitable for individualization of initial drug dosing was therefore summarized.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Ketamine and Driving, Cognitive, and Motor Ability
Ketamine is a medication that has many medical purposes but also has been used illicitly by people for its dissociative properties. While driving under the influence of drugs, drivers are more likely to be involved in and cause more accidents than drivers who do not drive under the influence.  A study with ketamine and a ketamine-like medication, rapasitnel, showed that those who were given ketamine experienced more sleepiness and had decreased self-reported motivation and confidence in their driving abilities. Moreover, there seem to be significant differences in the acute versus persistent effects of ketamine, as well as the anesthetic versus subanesthetic doses, both in terms of effects and outcomes. These divergent effects complicate the clinical uses of ketamine, specifically involving driving, drowsiness, and cognitive abilities. 
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Saudi Arabia’s Healthy Food Strategy
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a leading country worldwide in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which alone can explain 73% of mortality in the country. In response to the heavy burden of NCDs, the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), in collaboration with other government entities, developed a healthy food strategy (HFS) aimed at enhancing healthy lifestyles and reducing the intake of salt, sugar, saturated fatty acids (SSF) and trans fatty acids (TFA). The objectives of the HFS, to facilitate consumers’ identification of SSF and reduce the SSF and TFA content in food items, were addressed in collaboration with key stakeholders in the public and private sectors of the food industry. These reforms included voluntary and mandatory schemes to display nutrition information in food and beverage establishments, display allergens on food menus, encourage the adoption of front of pack nutrient labels (FoPNLs) on food products, ban the use of partially hydrogenated oils and establish limits for sodium composition in breads and selected food products. 
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ionizing Radiation
The development of protective agents against harmful radiations has been a subject of investigation for decades. However, effective (ideal) radioprotectors and radiomitigators remain an unsolved problem. Because ionizing radiation-induced cellular damage is primarily attributed to free radicals, radical scavengers are promising as potential radioprotectors. Early development of such agents focused on thiol synthetic compounds, e.g., amifostine (2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethylsulfanylphosphonic acid), approved as a radioprotector by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) but for limited clinical indications and not for nonclinical uses. To date, no new chemical entity has been approved by the FDA as a radiation countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). All FDA-approved radiation countermeasures (filgrastim, a recombinant DNA form of the naturally occurring granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF; pegfilgrastim, a PEGylated form of the recombinant human G-CSF; sargramostim, a recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF) are classified as radiomitigators. No radioprotector that can be administered prior to exposure has been approved for ARS. This differentiates radioprotectors (reduce direct damage caused by radiation) and radiomitigators (minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered). Molecules under development with the aim of reaching clinical practice and other nonclinical applications are discussed. Assays to evaluate the biological effects of ionizing radiations are also analyzed. Ionizing radiation is the energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves (e.g., X or gamma rays) or particle radiation (alpha, beta, electrons, protons, neutrons, mesons, prions, and heavy ions) with sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Solution-focused (brief) therapy (SFBT) is a goal-directed collaborative approach to psychotherapeutic change that is conducted through direct observation of clients' responses to a series of precisely constructed questions. Based upon social constructionist thinking and Wittgensteinian philosophy, SFBT focuses on addressing what clients want to achieve without exploring the history and provenance of problem(s). SF therapy sessions typically focus on the present and future, focusing on the past only to the degree necessary for communicating empathy and accurate understanding of the client's concerns. SFBT is future-oriented and goal-oriented interviewing technique that helps clients "build solutions." Elliot Connie defines solution building as "a collaborative language process between the client(s) and the therapist that develops a detailed description of the client(s)' preferred future/goals and identifies exceptions and past successes". By doing so, SFBT focuses on clients' strengths and resilience.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hypobaric Hypoxia and Heart
Under hypobaric hypoxia contidition, the principal impact on humans is due to the low atmospheric pressure  and the subsequent proportional decrease in partial oxygen pressure (PO2)  in the inspired air, generating a reduction in the bioavailability of oxygen in organs, tissues and cells at high altitude.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Heart Rate Variability in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a non-invasive biomarker that can measure autonomic tone. Autonomic Nervous System deregulation is considered the leading cause of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), which is associated with decreased parasympathetic tone. HRV can measure the parasympathetic tone and changes in autonomic tone caused by therapeutic intervention in IBS. Further research is needed to confirm the efficacy of using HRV to measure the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in IBS.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 1349
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback