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Topic Review
Nutraceuticals for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the severest form of muscular dystrophy, is characterized by progressive muscle weakness with fatal outcomes most often before the fourth decade of life. Despite the recent addition of molecular treatments, DMD remains a disease without a cure, and the need persists for the development of supportive therapies aiming to help improve patients’ quality of life.
  • 287
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Variants and Immunity for Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
The continuing transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a world-wide 21st-century public health emergency of concern. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused greater than 600 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6 million deaths globally. COVID-19 continues to be a highly transmissible disease despite efforts by public health officials and healthcare providers to manage and control the disease. Variants identified in selected worldwide epicenters add to the complexity of vaccine efficacy, overage, and antibody titer maintenance and bioactivity. The identification of the SARS-CoV-2 variants is described with respect to evading protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and breakthrough infections. Vaccines and other therapeutics have prevented millions of SARS-CoV-2 infections and thousands of deaths in the United States.
  • 271
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Electronic Noses in COPD
Exhaled breath analysis is a non-invasive method to study lung diseases, and electronic noses have been extensively used in breath research. Studies with electronic noses have proved that the pattern of exhaled volatile organic compounds is different in COPD. More recent investigations have reported that electronic noses could potentially distinguish different endotypes (i.e., neutrophilic vs. eosinophilic) and are able to detect microorganisms in the airways responsible for exacerbations. This entry reviews the published literature on electronic noses and COPD and help in identifying methodological, physiological, and disease-related factors which could affect the results.
  • 743
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
From the Discovery of Targets to Delivery Systems
Metals are indispensable for the life of all organisms, and their dysregulation leads to various disorders due to the disruption of their homeostasis. Nowadays, various transition metals are used in pharmaceutical products as diagnostic and therapeutic agents because their electronic structure allows them to adjust the properties of molecules differently from organic molecules. Therefore, interest in the study of metal–drug complexes from different aspects has been aroused, and numerous approaches have been developed to characterize, activate, deliver, and clarify molecular mechanisms. The integration of these different approaches, ranging from chemoproteomics to nanoparticle systems and various activation strategies, enables the understanding of the cellular responses to metal drugs, which may form the basis for the development of new drugs and/or the modification of currently used drugs.
  • 233
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Beneficial effects of Glycine in the Organism
Glycine is an amino acid that our bodies can produce naturally, so we don't necessarily need to get it from our diet. Nevertheless, it plays a vital role in various functions throughout our entire body. Glycine interacts with specific receptors and transporters found in many different types of cells, which allows it to have important effects on our health. One of the most fascinating things about glycine is its potential to reduce inflammation in our body. Researchers have conducted many studies focusing on this aspect. Glycine has been shown to decrease pro-inflammatory molecules called cytokines, which are responsible for promoting inflammation. Additionally, it can lower the levels of free fatty acids, which are sometimes linked to inflammation in certain situations. Moreover, glycine seems to positively influence how our body responds to insulin, which is crucial for maintaining stable blood sugar levels. It also appears to bring about other beneficial changes in our body, although scientists are still investigating the specific details of these effects. Glycine is a remarkable amino acid that offers many health benefits, especially in terms of reducing inflammation and possibly enhancing how our bodies respond to insulin. It's fascinating because it is present throughout our entire body, and we can obtain it through our diet or nutraceuticals, affecting our health in various ways. Scientists continue to study glycine to unlock its full potential and better understand its role in supporting our well-being.
  • 749
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Approaches for Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
In dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), where the heart muscle becomes stretched and thin, heart failure (HF) occurs, and the cardiomyocytes suffer from an energetic inefficiency caused by an abnormal cardiac metabolism. Although underappreciated as a potential therapeutic target, the optimal metabolic milieu of a failing heart is still largely unknown and subject to debate. Because glucose naturally has a lower P/O ratio (the ATP yield per oxygen atom), the previous studies using this strategy to increase glucose oxidation have produced some intriguing findings. In reality, the vast majority of small-scale pilot trials using trimetazidine, ranolazine, perhexiline, and etomoxir have demonstrated enhanced left ventricular (LV) function and, in some circumstances, myocardial energetics in chronic ischemic and non-ischemic HF with a reduced ejection fraction (EF).
  • 381
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Golimumab Therapy for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic debilitating autoimmune condition, and when diagnosed in patients before the age of eighteen, it is considered pediatric polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an umbrella term used to describe different inflammatory arthropathies that are diagnosed in children under the age of sixteen with symptoms lasting at least six weeks. Psoriatic arthritis differs from other arthropathies, particularly in its cutaneous involvement. The disease can be monoarticular or polyarticular, but a few distinguishing characteristics include radiographic findings of the “pencil-in-cup deformity” and scaly, white skin lesions that often bleed when scratched.
  • 318
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Spectrum of Dermatitis and Eczema
Dermatitis (eczema) is a noninfectious inflammation of the epidermis and dermis that manifests itself through an array of efflorescences, including erythema, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, papules, vesicles, scales, serous crusts and lichenification. Depending on the stage and intensity of the disease, these skin changes may emerge in various constellations simultaneously or may evolve from one another. They are typically accompanied by the subjective sensation of itch (pruritus), pain or stinging or burning sensations of various intensities. The histological picture of dermatitis/eczema includes spongiosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis in the epidermis, in addition to lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltration of the upper dermis and epidermis. The term “dermatitis” means literally “inflammation of the skin”; however, its use in dermatology is restricted to a subgroup of non-infectious inflammatory skin diseases with similar clinical appearances, creating the spectrum of dermatitis and eczema (SoDE). Therefore, tinea (a fungal infection of the skin), psoriasis or inflammatory acne will not be referred to as “dermatitis” even though inflammation of the skin is their inherent feature. Depending on the country and dermatology school, the term “eczema” could refer to acute dermatitis (e.g., in the USA) or chronic dermatitis (e.g., in Germany). Moreover, some scholars maintain that “eczema” means dermatitis with a known cause, while “dermatitis” would suggest that there is no definite diagnosis yet. Finally, the term “eczema” is used by some scholars as a synonym of “atopic dermatitis” (AD), which should be strongly discouraged as misleading and confusing. In light of these contradictions, it seems most reasonable to consider the terms “dermatitis” and “eczema” synonyms.
  • 204
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microorganisms in the Etiopathogenesis of Demyelinating Diseases
Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) with a multifactorial aetiology. Environmental factors are important for their development and microorganisms could play a determining role. They can directly damage the CNS, but their interaction with the immune system is even more important. The possible mechanisms involved include molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation and the dual cell receptor theory. The role of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in MS has been definitely established, since being seropositive is a necessary condition for the onset of MS. EBV interacts with genetic and environmental factors, such as low levels of vitamin D and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), another microorganism implicated in the disease. Many cases of onset or exacerbation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been described after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EBV and human immunodeficiency virus; however, no definite association with a virus has been found. A possible role has been suggested for Helicobacter pylori, in particular in individuals with aquaporin 4 antibodies. The onset of MOGAD could occur after an infection, mainly in the monophasic course of the disease. 
  • 244
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Benefits of Inclusion Complexes (Cyclodextrin–Antibiotic) in Anti-Bacterial Therapy
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of carrier molecules used to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of therapeutic molecules. These cyclic oligosaccharides have medical and pharmaceutical applications by being able to form inclusion complexes with molecules that are poorly soluble in water. The benefits of these complexes are directed towards improving the chemical and biological properties—i.e., solubility, bioavailability, stability, non-toxicity and shelf life of drug molecules.
  • 235
  • 26 Jul 2023
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