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Topic Review
Polysomnography in the Diagnosis of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a spectrum of different clinical conditions distinguished by upper-airway dysfunction during sleep with snoring and/or increased respiratory effort due to increased upper airway resistance and pharyngeal collapsibility. Diagnostic methods for SDB in children involve a combination of clinical assessment, medical history evaluation, questionnaires, and objective measurements. Polysomnography (PSG) is the diagnostic gold standard. It records activity of brain and tibial and submental muscles, heart rhythm, eye movements, oximetry, oronasal airflow, abdominal and chest movements, body position. Despite its accuracy, it is a time-consuming and expensive tool.
  • 245
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative stress related Hallmarks of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition that arises from dysfunction or early depletion of the ovarian follicle pool accompanied by an earlier-than-normal loss of fertility in young women. Oxidative stress has been suggested as an important factor in the decline of fertility in women and POI. Genetic defects causing dysfunction in DNA repair machinery and mitochondria and leading to dysfunction of the host’s antioxidant defences are likely to contribute to increased oxidative stress. Furthermore, an overactive immune system can lead to oxidative stress. On the other hand, iatrogenic POI, such as that induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, will result in increased oxidative stress due to tissue damage and apoptosis.
  • 377
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes
Oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body’s antioxidant defence mechanisms leads to cellular damage and dysfunction. In diabetes, chronic hyperglycaemia and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to increased ROS production, further exacerbating oxidative stress. This oxidative burden adversely affects various aspects of diabetes, including impaired beta-cell function and insulin resistance, leading to disrupted glucose regulation. Additionally, oxidative stress-induced damage to blood vessels and impaired endothelial function contribute to the development of diabetic vascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, organs and tissues throughout the body, including the kidneys, nerves, and eyes, are vulnerable to oxidative stress, resulting in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Strategies to mitigate oxidative stress in diabetes include antioxidant therapy, lifestyle modifications, and effective management of hyperglycaemia
  • 345
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bacillus Calmette–Guerin-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the sixth most common cancer in Western countries, includes upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and bladder carcinoma (BC) as the most common cancers among UCs (90–95%). BC is the most common cancer and can be a highly heterogeneous disease, including both non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive (MIBC) forms with different oncologic outcomes. Approximately 80% of new BC diagnoses are classified as NMIBC after the initial transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBt). 
  • 305
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Steroidal Saponins
Cancer is a global health burden responsible for an exponentially growing number of incidences and mortalities, regardless of the significant advances in its treatment. The identification of the hallmarks of cancer is a major milestone in understanding the mechanisms that drive cancer initiation, development, and progression. The hallmarks of cancer have been targeted to effectively treat various types of cancers. These conventional cancer drugs have shown significant therapeutic efficacy but continue to impose unfavorable side effects on patients. Naturally derived compounds are being tested in the search for alternative anti-cancer drugs. Steroidal saponins are a group of naturally occurring compounds that primarily exist as secondary metabolites in plant species. Studies have suggested that steroidal saponins possess significant anti-cancer capabilities. 
  • 344
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Basics of Ocular Immunology
Ocular infectious diseases are an important cause of potentially preventable vision loss and blindness. Bacteria and viruses represent the more common causes of ocular infections worldwide and can affect nearly any anatomical part of the eye.
  • 333
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Psychedelics for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Depression
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is poised to place an even greater societal and healthcare burden as the population ages. Psychedelic drugs target AD-related psychological pathology and symptoms such as depression. Using microdosing, psychedelic drugs may prove to help combat this devastating disease by eliciting psychiatric benefits via acting through various mechanisms of action such as serotonin and dopamine pathways.
  • 355
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cardioprotective Effects of Metformin on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion
The most common is coronary artery disease, which causes the death of cardiomyocytes, the cells responsible for cardiac contractility, through ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, which leads to heart failure in the medium and short term. Metformin is one of the most-used drugs for the control of diabetes, which has shown effects beyond the control of hyperglycemia. Some of these effects are mediated by the regulation of cellular energy metabolism, inhibiting apoptosis, reduction of cell death through regulation of autophagy and reduction of mitochondrial dysfunction with further reduction of oxidative stress. This suggests that metformin may attenuate left ventricular dysfunction induced by myocardial ischemia; preclinical and clinical trials have shown promising results, particularly in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. 
  • 625
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms and Classification of Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive peptides have gained significant attention in the cosmetic industry due to their potential in enhancing skin health and beauty. These small protein fragments exhibit various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, making them ideal ingredients for cosmetic formulations. These bioactive peptides are classified into four categories: signal, carrier, neurotransmitter-inhibitory, and enzyme-inhibitory peptides. 
  • 521
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Choroidal Parameters and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
The choroid is the most vascularized structure of the eye and it is fundamental for the trophism of the outer retina. Its proper functioning and homeostasis represent key points in maintaining normal retinal physiology. Choroidal alterations may be implicated in the development and progression of numerous pathologies; therefore, in-depth studies using imaging techniques can be of crucial relevance to understanding the pathophysiology of retinal-choroidal diseases. Various choroidal parameters, including the choroidal vascularity index (CVI), were found to show alterations in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  • 199
  • 18 Aug 2023
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