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Topic Review
Placental Hypoxia Biomarkers in Placental Insufficiency Syndromes
Placental hypoxia poses significant risks to both the developing fetus and the mother during pregnancy, underscoring the importance of early detection and monitoring. Effectively identifying placental hypoxia and evaluating the deterioration in placental function requires reliable biomarkers. Molecular biomarkers in placental tissue can only be determined post-delivery and while maternal blood biomarkers can be measured over time, they can merely serve as proxies for placental function. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for non-invasive imaging techniques capable of directly assessing the placental condition over time. Advancements in imaging technologies, including photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging, offer promising tools for detecting and monitoring placental hypoxia. Integrating molecular and imaging biomarkers may revolutionize the detection and monitoring of placental hypoxia, improving pregnancy outcomes and reducing long-term health complications. 
  • 175
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Cryoablation in the Multidisciplinary Setting
Breast cancer cryoablation has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to lumpectomy for treating early-stage breast cancer. 
  • 315
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nicotinamide Riboside for Healthy Aging and Longevity
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is widely used as a dietary supplement. Structurally, it is a form of vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin, NA), incorporating into its structure more elements of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (in its oxidized form, NAD+). NR influences, in particular, energy metabolism and neuroprotection.
  • 414
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metformin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM.
  • 186
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy during the Immediate Perioperative Period
Tumor excision is a necessary life-saving procedure in most solid cancers. However, surgery and the days before and following it, known as the immediate perioperative period (IPP), entail numerous prometastatic processes, including the suppression of antimetastatic immunity and direct stimulation of minimal residual disease (MRD). Thus, the IPP is pivotal in determining long-term cancer outcomes, presenting a short window of opportunity to circumvent perioperative risk factors by employing several therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy. Nevertheless, immunotherapy is rarely examined or implemented during this short timeframe, due to both established and hypothetical contraindications to surgery. This entry summarizes existing and potential immuno-theraputic approaches to exploit the immediate perioperative period to prevent future metastatic disease.
  • 355
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of β-Lactams in Management of Anaerobic Infections
Anaerobic bacteria are normal inhabitants of the human commensal microbiota and play an important role in various human infections. β-lactam antibiotics are considered one of the drugs of choice in the management of anaerobic infections. This is due to their broad spectrum of activity, low toxicity, and continued efficacy against almost all anaerobic species, especially when used in combination with β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLI) or carbapenems.
  • 296
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Factors Related to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Dysfunction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, although the aetiology of ADHD is not yet understood. One proposed theory for developing ADHD is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) dysfunction. NMDARs are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory function in the brain. Abnormal expression or polymorphism of some genes associated with ADHD results in NMDAR dysfunction.
  • 339
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Blood Flow Imaging Technology Based on Fluid Dynamics
Vascular calcification is the abnormal deposition of calcium phosphate complexes in blood vessels, regarded as the pathological basis of multiple cardiovascular diseases. The flowing blood exerts a frictional force called shear stress on the vascular wall. Blood vessels have different hydrodynamic properties due to discrepancies in geometric and mechanical properties. The disturbance of the blood flow in the bending area and the branch point of the arterial tree produces shear stress lower than the physiological magnitude of the laminar shear stress, which can induce the occurrence of vascular calcification. Endothelial cells sense the fluid dynamics of blood and transmit electrical and chemical signals to the full thickness of blood vessels. Through crosstalk with endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells trigger osteogenic transformation, involved in mediating vascular intima and media calcification. In addition, based on the detection of fluid dynamics parameters, emerging imaging technologies such as 4D Flow MRI and computational fluid dynamics have greatly improved the early diagnosis ability of cardiovascular diseases, showing extremely high clinical application prospects.
  • 137
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Temporal Bone Mass Lesions
Tumoral lesions of the temporal bone include benign or malignant tumors and congenital or inflammatory lesions. Temporal bone lesions are difficult to approach. Therefore, making a preoperative diagnosis and considering whether the lesions require treatment are necessary; if they require treatment, then the type of treatment requires consideration. These tumors cannot be observed directly and must be diagnosed based on symptoms and imaging findings.
  • 201
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Chronic Kidney Disease
The human intestinal microbiota is a highly intricate structure with a crucial role in promoting health and preventing disease. It consists of diverse microbial communities that inhabit the gut and contribute to essential functions such as food digestion, nutrient synthesis, and immune system development. The composition and function of the gut microbiota are influenced by a variety of factors, including diet, host genetics, and environmental features. In pediatric patients, the gut microbiota is particularly dynamic and vulnerable to disruption from endogenous and exogenous factors.
  • 398
  • 23 Aug 2023
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