Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Clozapine for Treating Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Clozapine is listed as one of the most effective antipsychotics and has been approved for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS); however, several type A and B adverse reactions, including weight gain, metabolic complications, cardiotoxicity, convulsions, and discontinuation syndromes, exist. The critical mechanisms of clinical efficacy for schizophrenia, TRS, and adverse reactions of clozapine have not been elucidated. The GABA isomer L-β-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA), a protective myokine in the peripheral organs, was identified as a candidate novel transmission modulator in the central nervous system (CNS). L-BAIBA activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling in both the peripheral organs and CNS. Activated AMPK signalling in peripheral organs is an established major target for treating insulin-resistant diabetes, whereas activated AMPK signalling in the hypothalamus contributes to the pathophysiology of weight gain and metabolic disturbances. Clozapine increases L-BAIBA synthesis in the hypothalamus. In addition, the various functions of L-BAIBA in the CNS have been elucidated, including as an activator of GABA-B and group-III metabotropic glutamate (III-mGlu) receptors. Considering the expressions of GABA-B and III-mGlu receptors (localised in the presynaptic regions), the activation of GABA-B and III-mGlu receptors can explain the distinct therapeutic advantages of clozapine in schizophrenia or TRS associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor disturbance compared with other atypical antipsychotics via the inhibition of the persistent tonic hyperactivation of thalamocortical glutamatergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex. L-BAIBA has also been identified as a gliotransmitter, and a detailed exploration of the function of L-BAIBA in tripartite synaptic transmission can further elucidate the pathophysiology of effectiveness for treating TRS and/or specific adverse reactions of clozapine.
  • 258
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Microvascular Disease in Heart and Brain by MRI
Microvascular disease (small vessel disease), affecting the small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the heart and brain, presents a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems with costs totalling billions each year. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) are complex conditions that present significant ongoing challenges in both diagnosis and treatment. 
  • 238
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
CircRNAs in Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis represents the reversible pathological process with the feature of the over-accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins within the liver, which results in the deposition of fibrotic tissues and liver dysfunction. Circular noncoding RNAs (CircRNAs) have the characteristic closed loop structures, which show high resistance to exonuclease RNase, making them far more stable and recalcitrant against degradation. CircRNAs increase target gene levels by playing the role of a microRNA (miRNA) sponge.
  • 218
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Radiomics in Clinical Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the loss of neurological function due to a sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow and is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The field of radiological imaging has experienced growth in recent years, which could be boosted by the advent of artificial intelligence. One of the latest innovations in artificial intelligence is radiomics, which is based on the fact that a large amount of quantitative data can be extracted from radiological images, from which patterns can be identified and associated with specific pathologies. Since its inception, radiomics has been particularly associated with the field of oncology and has shown promising results in a wide range of clinical situations. The performance of radiomics in non-tumour pathologies has been increasingly explored in recent years, and the results continue to be promising. 
  • 361
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing Events in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The incidence of this cancer continues to rise, especially in developing countries. Alternative splicing is a normal cellular process that results in the generation of proteins with different structures and functions from a single gene. Colorectal cancer can cause dysregulation of alternative splicing processes to promote its development and growth until it spreads. Dysregulated alternative splicing processes have been shown to promote cancer survival by producing proteins that activate genes known to promote cancer development or deactivate those that inhibit cancer development.
  • 145
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effectiveness and Consequences of Direct Access in Physiotherapy
Direct access in physiotherapy (DAPT) occurs when a patient has the ability to self-refer to physical therapy without physician referral. This model of care in musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) has shown better outcomes than the traditional-based medical model of care that requires physician referral to access physiotherapist services. This traditional physician referral often results in a delay in care. Unfortunately, DAPT is still not permitted in many countries. 
  • 262
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Glioma and Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioma and glioblastoma multiform (GBM) remain among the most debilitating and life-threatening brain tumors. Despite advances in diagnosing approaches, patient follow-up after treatment (surgery and chemoradiation) is still challenging for differentiation between tumor progression/recurrence, pseudoprogression, and radionecrosis. Radiomics emerges as a promising tool in initial diagnosis, grading, and survival prediction in patients with glioma and can help differentiate these post-treatment scenarios.
  • 266
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Key Nutrients for Mental Health in Diabetes
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Mental disorders can also contribute to the development of diabetes through various mechanisms including increased stress, poor self-care behaviors, and adverse effects on glucose metabolism. Consequently, individuals suffering from either of these conditions frequently experience comorbidity with the other. Nutrition plays an important role in both diabetes and mental health disorders including depression and anxiety. Deficiencies in specific nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, zinc, chromium, magnesium, and selenium have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both diabetes and mental disorders.
  • 461
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cannabis and Other Substance Misuse
Drug and substance misuse refers to the usage of substances for purposes that are illegal or against medical advice. It has negative consequences for health and can manifest as drug dependence or as one of a variety of other problematic or destructive behaviors. This behavior can result in drug dependence and various social and mental health difficulties. The consequences of substance misuse can be severe, including car accidents, driving under the influence arrests, Domestic violence, sexual harassment, child neglect and abuse, suicide attempts and fatalities, strokes, and overdose deaths.
  • 323
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapies Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment
Brain tumour malignancies, especially glioblastoma multiform (GBM), characteristically reflect an abysmal disease prognosis with high mortality rates in both adult and paediatric populations. In adults, GBM is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour, accounting for 15% of central nervous system (CNS) tumours, and 50.1% of malignancies, representing the most frequent form of primary malignant brain tumour. 
  • 306
  • 19 Sep 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1349
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback