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Topic Review
PD-L1 Expression as a Biomarker in Gastric Cancer
Despite advances in diagnostic imaging, surgical techniques, and systemic therapy, gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Unfortunately, molecular heterogeneity and, consequently, acquired resistance in GC are the major causes of failure in the development of biomarker-guided targeted therapies. However, by showing promising survival benefits in some studies, the recent emergence of immunotherapy in GC has had a significant impact on treatment-selectable procedures. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), widely indicated in the treatment of several malignancies, target inhibitory receptors on T lymphocytes, including the programmed cell death protein (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), and release effector T-cells from negative feedback signals. 
  • 328
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Liver Regeneration in Hepatic Pathology
Liver regeneration has been studied for many decades, and the mechanisms underlying regeneration of normal liver following resection are well described. However, no less relevant is the study of mechanisms that disrupt the process of liver regeneration. First of all, a violation of liver regeneration can occur in the presence of concomitant hepatic pathology, which is a key factor reducing the liver’s regenerative potential. Understanding these mechanisms could enable the rational targeting of specific therapies to either reduce the factors inhibiting regeneration or to directly stimulate liver regeneration.
  • 379
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Peripheral Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and represents the leading cause of cognitive impairment and dementia in older individuals throughout the world. The main hallmarks of AD include brain atrophy, extracellular deposition of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and the intracellular aggregation of protein tau in neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological modifications start many years prior to clinical manifestations of disease and the spectrum of AD progresses along a continuum from preclinical to clinical phases. Therefore, identifying specific biomarkers for detecting AD at early stages greatly improves clinical management. However, stable and non-invasive biomarkers are not currently available for the early detection of the disease. In the search for more reliable biomarkers, epigenetic mechanisms, able to mediate the interaction between the genome and the environment, are emerging as important players in AD pathogenesis.
  • 141
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Genetics of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) represents the third most common form of muscular dystrophy and is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy. FSHD is caused by the altered expression of the transcription factor double homeobox 4 (DUX4), which is involved in several significantly altered pathways required for myogenesis and muscle regeneration. 
  • 400
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Based Diets Reducing the Main RVO Risk Factors
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal disorder. In comparison to diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration, RVO is usually an unexpected event that carries a greater psychological impact.
  • 199
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Betulin
Betulin is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene. It consists of four six-membered rings arranged in a trans configuration and one five-membered ring. It is characterized by a range of biological properties, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. It is also an origin compound for obtaining derivatives with higher biological activity and better bioavailability.
  • 309
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review Video
Gene Therapies for Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, with a substantial number of patients facing drug-resistant epilepsy. Conventional antiseizure medications (ASMs) have been the cornerstone of epilepsy management, providing significant relief to a large number of patients In the context of epilepsy, gene therapy holds the potential to address the underlying genetic abnormalities that give rise to seizure disorders. By targeting specific genes associated with epilepsy, gene therapy aims to restore normal cellular function and inhibit seizure generation, providing a promising avenue for the development of novel and more targeted epilepsy treatments.
  • 418
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dysferlinopathy
Dysferlinopathy is a disease caused by a dysferlin deficiency due to mutations in the DYSF gene. Dysferlin is a membrane protein in the sarcolemma and is involved in different functions, such as membrane repair and vesicle fusion, T-tubule development and maintenance, Ca2+ signalling, and the regulation of various molecules. Miyoshi Myopathy type 1 (MMD1) and Limb–Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2B/R2 (LGMD2B/LGMDR2) are two possible clinical presentations, yet the same mutations can cause both presentations in the same family. They are therefore grouped under the name dysferlinopathy. 
  • 199
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Human Populations
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a challenge for global health services, affecting millions and leading thousands to end-stage liver disease each year. HBV is classified into ten genotypes (A to J) and more than 40 sub-genotypes based on a genomic divergence of 8% and 4% (intra-genotype variation), respectively.
  • 385
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
DNA Nanostructures for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
Nanomedicine in gel or particle formation holds considerable potential for enhancing passive and active targeting within ocular drug delivery systems. The complex barriers of the eye, exemplified by the intricate network of closely connected tissue structures, pose significant challenges for drug administration. Leveraging the capability of engineered nanomedicine offers a promising approach to enhance drug penetration, particularly through active targeting agents such as protein peptides and aptamers, which facilitate targeted release and heightened bioavailability. Simultaneously, DNA carriers have emerged as a cutting-edge class of active-targeting structures, connecting active targeting agents and illustrating their potential in ocular drug delivery applications.
  • 150
  • 26 Sep 2023
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