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Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Pediatric Healthcare
Pediatrics is the field of medicine that centers on physical, social, and mental health from birth to the end of adolescence. Nanotechnology has received enthusiasm among the scientific community, particularly in medicine and pharmaceutical fields, due to its potential to incorporate diagnostic and treatment tools in the same nanocarrier, enhance targetability to specific organs, decrease toxicity, and potentially reduce treatment schedules. At the same time, it provides a tool to increase patient compliance, which is an essential task concerning the pediatric population.
  • 290
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes as Modulators of Pancreatic Cancer Drug Resistance
Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is one of the most lethal tumors worldwide, difficult to diagnose, and with inadequate therapeutical chances. The most used therapy is gemcitabine, alone or in combination with nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel), and the multidrug FOLFIRINOX. Unfortunately, PaC develops resistance early, thus reducing the already poor life expectancy of patients. The mechanisms responsible for drug resistance are not fully elucidated, and exosomes seem to be actively involved in this phenomenon, thanks to their ability to transfer molecules regulating this process from drug-resistant to drug-sensitive PaC cells. These extracellular vesicles are released by both normal and cancer cells and seem to be essential mediators of intercellular communications, especially in cancer, where they are secreted at very high numbers.
  • 242
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Drug Remedies and Host Cell Responses for COVID-19
In light of the COVID-19 global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, ongoing research has centered on minimizing viral spread either by stopping viral entry or inhibiting viral replication. Repurposing antiviral drugs, typically nucleoside analogs, has proven successful at inhibiting virus replication. 
  • 378
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gonadotropin and Ovarian Hormone Monitoring
FSH, estrogen and progesterone testing are widely utilized in clinical practice. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are cost-effective tools used for diagnosing infectious diseases, pregnancy, and substance testing.
  • 98
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hyperandrogenism
Hyperandrogenism encompasses a wide range of clinical manifestations, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), idiopathic hirsutism, hirsutism and hyperandrogaenemia, non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN), ovarian or adrenal androgen-secreting neoplasms, Cushing’s syndrome, and hyperprolactinaemia.
  • 213
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Eye Diseases Treatment
Due to their potent immunoregulatory and angio-modulatory properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes (MSC-Exos) have emerged as potential game-changers in regenerative ophthalmology, particularly for the personalized treatment of inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome, composed of Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC), and pro-caspase-1 is dysregulated in almost all inflammatory eye disease. Accordingly, a large number of experimental findings suggested that this multi-protein complex could be considered an important intracellular target for MSC-based therapy of inflammatory eye disorders.
  • 138
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome and Protein Carbamylation in Chronic Kidney Disease
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic derangements resulting from the interplay between decreasing renal excretory capacity and impaired gut function contribute to accelerating disease progression and enhancing the risk of complications. To protect residual kidney function and improve quality of life in conservatively managed predialysis CKD patients, current guidelines recommend protein-restricted diets supplemented with essential amino acids (EAAs) and their ketoanalogues (KAs). In clinical studies, such an approach improved nitrogen balance and other secondary metabolic disturbances, translating to clinical benefits, mainly the delayed initiation of dialysis. There is also increasing evidence that a protein-restricted diet supplemented with KAs slows down disease progression. 
  • 214
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Managing Persistent Subsolid Nodules in Lung Cancer
With the popularization of lung cancer screening, many persistent subsolid nodules (SSNs) have been identified clinically, especially in Asian non-smokers. 
  • 204
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Angiogenic Growth Factors in Immunosuppression and Immune Escape
Angiogenesis is seen as the process that mediates new blood vessel formation and capillaries, an essential process allowing for the exchange of nutrients throughout the body. Angiogenic growth factors (AFs) influence both innate and adaptive immune cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to create a more tolerogenic milieu. Myeloid regulatory cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), type 2 natural killer T (NKT) cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are the primary cells types that contribute to immune escape and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment.
  • 197
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
C-Arm-Free Minimally Invasive Technique for Spinal Surgery
C-arm-free MIS techniques can offer significantly reduced rates of postoperative complications such as inadequate decompression, blood loss, and instrumentation misplacement. Another advantageous long-term aspect is the notably diminished exposure to radiation, which is known to cause malignant changes. 
  • 364
  • 19 Oct 2023
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