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Topic Review
Reciprocal Interplay between Infections and Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Infections represent the main cause of acute metabolic derangements and/or the worsening of the clinical course of many inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). The basic molecular mechanisms behind the role of infections in these conditions have not been completely clarified. Infective agents may affect cellular metabolic pathways, by mediation or not of an altered immune system. 
  • 162
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Chatbots in Critical Care Nephrology
The exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has allowed for its integration into multiple sectors, including, notably, healthcare. Chatbots have emerged as a pivotal resource for improving patient outcomes and assisting healthcare practitioners through various AI-based technologies. In critical care, kidney-related conditions play a significant role in determining patient outcomes.
  • 446
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bowel Cleansing
Proper bowel preparation is of paramount importance for enhancing adenoma detection rates and reducing postcolonoscopic colorectal cancer risk. The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged for the preprocedural detection of inadequate bowel preparation, holding the potential to guide the preparation process immediately preceding colonoscopy.
  • 256
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pathological Mechanisms of Mitochondria in Brain Disease
Mitochondria play a vital role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and controlling redox signaling. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and psychiatric illnesses.
  • 255
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ursolic Acid Pharmacodynamics towards Nuclear Receptor
Nuclear receptors (NRs) form a family of druggable transcription factors that are regulated by ligand binding to orchestrate multifaceted physiological functions, including reproduction, immunity, metabolism, and growth. NRs represent attractive and valid targets for the management and treatment of a vast array of ailments. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are ubiquitously distributed natural products in medicinal and aromatic plants, of which ursolic acid (UA) is an extensively studied member, due to its diverse bio-pertinent activities against different cancers, inflammation, aging, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver injury.
  • 416
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Associated Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common malignancy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), accounting for 2–8% of cases and being the leading cause of death in these patients. The majority of PSC-associated CCAs (PSC-CCA) develop within the first few years after PSC diagnosis. Older age and male sex, as well as concomitant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or high-grade biliary stenosis, are some of the most relevant risk factors. PSC-CCA pathogenesis is characterised by peculiar molecular and genetic features, being a distinct disease from the novo CCA. There has been a significant push to develop innovative strategies for PSC-CCA early diagnosis and surveillance. 
  • 302
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Physical Deactivation Oral Immunotherapy Methods for Food Allergens
Food allergies represent a serious health concern and, since the 1990s, they have risen gradually in high-income countries. Deactivation rather than degradation should be the way of attenuating the immune response. Methods involve both physical and chemo-enzymatic routes.
  • 233
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Efficacy of ICIs in NSCLC
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment paradigm for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (IB-IIIA) with no targetable driver mutations. Although genetic and physiological factors could suggest a priori differences in response to ICIs regarding sex. It is well established that women have a more proficient immune system; thus, a higher immune editing level is needed to develop metastatic disease, which could explain their better responses in the early phases of disease. Furthermore, the encouraging results observed for metastatic disease have promoted the use of ICIs as neoadjuvant treatments.
  • 255
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Interventions for Autosomal Recessive ABCA4-Associated Stargardt Disease
Autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) is an inherited retinal degenerative disease associated with a mutated ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 4 (ABCA4) gene. STGD1 is the most common form of juvenile macular degeneration with onset in late childhood to early or middle adulthood and causes progressive, irreversible visual impairment and blindness. 
  • 182
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Antibody–Drug Conjugate for Cancer Treatment
Cancer, also known as malignant tumour or neoplasm, is a leading cause of death worldwide. One distinct feature from normal cells is that cancerous cells often overexpress protein on the cell membrane—for instance, the overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The expression of a specific protein on the cancerous cell surface acts as a marker that differentiates the normal cell and facilitates the recognition of cancerous cells. An emerging anticancer treatment, Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs), utilises this unique feature to kill cancerous cells. ADCs consist of an antibody linked with a cytotoxic payload, mainly targeting the antigen found on cancerous cells. This design can increase the specificity in delivering the cytotoxin to the drug target, thus increasing the drug efficacy and reducing the side effect of cancer treatment due to off-target toxicities. 
  • 332
  • 23 Oct 2023
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