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Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is common but often diagnosed late. Advances in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy offer promising treatments. Perioperative chemotherapy is now the standard for resectable gastric cancer. Progress has also been made in treating metastatic disease using targeted immunotherapies. Molecular biomarkers such as programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1), microsatellite instability (MSI), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) guide personalized treatment approaches. 
  • 642
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
mRNA, Live-Attenuated/Chimeric and VLP-Based Vaccines
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus causing seasonal infections in a biphasic age distribution, affecting more frequently children until the age of 2 years with a higher frequency across the age spectrum from 6 weeks to 6 months, as well as older adults due to the reduction of immunity. 
  • 485
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Trained Immunity in Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It is a result of the buildup of atherosclerosis within the coronary arteries. The role of the immune system in CAD is complex and multifaceted. The immune system responds to damage or injury to the arterial walls by initiating an inflammatory response. However, this inflammatory response can become chronic and lead to plaque formation. Neutrophiles, macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NKT cells play a key role in immunity response, both with proatherogenic and antiatherogenic signaling pathways.
  • 225
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
ErbB Receptors
The activation of members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) family (including ErbB) triggers pathways that have significant effects on cellular processes and have profound consequences both in physiological and pathological conditions. Within the nervous system, the neuregulin (NRG)/ErbB3 signaling plays a crucial role in promoting the formation and maturation of excitatory synapses. Noteworthy is ErbB3, which is actively involved in the process of cerebellar lamination and myelination. All members of the ErbB-family, in particular ErbB3, have been observed within the nuclei of various cell types, including both full-length receptors and alternative variants. 
  • 250
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Therapy in Oncology
The impressive advances in the knowledge of biomarkers and molecular targets has enabled significant progress in drug therapy for crucial diseases such as cancer. Specific areas of pharmacology have contributed to these therapeutic outcomes—mainly targeted therapy, immunomodulatory therapy, and gene therapy. 
  • 435
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Sialic Acids in Cancer
The aberrant sialylation of membrane glycocalyx plays a pivotal role in the regulation of malignant cell behavior and correlates with a worse prognosis and shorter overall survival for patients. The biological and physical properties of sialome determine the negative charge and high hydrophilicity of cell membranes and thereby regulate cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. There is increasing evidence that sialic acids influence cellular susceptibility in therapeutic management.
  • 400
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
cGAS-STING Activation
The cGAS-STING cellular signaling pathway is a key member of the DNA damage response, whose role is to repair the DNA damage that occurs naturally during the life of a cell. Interestingly, cGAS-STING is known to promote immune responses against tumors, and is being explored for its potential use in cancer immunotherapy applications.
  • 171
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of OAT1 and OAT3 Expression and Activity
Organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) play a crucial role in kidney function by regulating the secretion of multiple renally cleared small molecules and toxic metabolic by-products. Assessing the activity of these transporters is essential for drug development purposes as they can significantly impact drug disposition and safety. OAT1 and OAT3 are amongst the most abundant drug transporters expressed in human renal proximal tubules. However, their expression is lost when cells are isolated and cultured in vitro, which is a persistent issue across all human and animal renal proximal tubule cell models, including primary cells and cell lines. Although it is well known that the overall expression of drug transporters is affected in vitro, the underlying reasons for the loss of OAT1 and OAT3 are still not fully understood. 
  • 133
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neurological Damage
COVID-19 patients can exhibit a wide range of clinical manifestations affecting various organs and systems. Neurological symptoms have been reported in COVID-19 patients, both during the acute phase of the illness and in cases of long-term COVID. Moderate symptoms include ageusia, anosmia, altered mental status, and cognitive impairment, and in more severe cases can manifest as ischemic cerebrovascular disease and encephalitis.
  • 215
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Liver in Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome due to heart dysfunction, but in which other organs are also involved, resulting in a complex multisystemic disease, burdened with high mortality and morbidity. This article focuses on the mutual relationship between the heart and liver in HF patients. Any cause of right heart failure can cause hepatic congestion, with important prognostic significance. Cardiac biomarkers have been studied extensively in cardiology as a non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tool for HF. However, their usefulness in assessing liver congestion in HF patients is still being researched. On the other hand, several prognostic scores based on liver biomarkers in patients with HF have been proposed in recent years, recognizing the important burden that liver involvement has in HF.
  • 356
  • 03 Nov 2023
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