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Topic Review
Clinical Studies on PPARγ Activity in Premature Babies
Worldwide, three-quarters of a million babies are born extremely preterm (<28 weeks gestation) with devastating outcomes: 20% die in the newborn period, a further 35% develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and 10% suffer from cerebral palsy. Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) agonist, may reduce the incidence of BPD and improve neurodevelopment in extreme preterm babies. Pioglitazone exerts an anti-inflammatory action mediated through Nuclear Factor-kappa B repression. PPARγ signalling is underactive in preterm babies as adiponectin remains low during the neonatal period.
  • 173
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanocarriers in Tuberculosis Treatment
The World Health Organization identifies tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as a leading infectious killer. Although conventional treatments for TB exist, they come with challenges such as a heavy pill regimen, prolonged treatment duration, and a strict schedule, leading to multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Nanocarriers, such as lipid nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, liposomes, and polymeric micelles, facilitate targeted delivery of anti-TB drugs. The benefits of nanocarriers include reduced drug doses, fewer side effects, improved drug solubility, better bioavailability, and improved patient compliance, speeding up recovery.
  • 291
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Septic Acute Kidney Injury
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that results from a profoundly dysregulated response to infection. It can lead to organ failure distant from the primary site of the infection, particularly in the kidneys. Sepsis can cause acute kidney injury (AKI). Sepsis and AKI form a vicious cycle, as sepsis is one of the main drivers of critical illness.
  • 230
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies
Pituitary adenomas, namely pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms deriving from the neuroendocrine cell of the adeno-pituitary and represent 15% of all intracranial tumors. Evidence has suggested the importance of epigenetic modifications in influencing PitNET pathophysiology and clinical behavior. Indeed, most pituitary tumors are sporadic without any specific genetic driver mutations. Furthermore, a better understanding of epigenetic modifications in PitNETs is paramount to developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • 184
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Current Therapies for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus
Chronic subjective tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source for longer than six months, may be a greatly debilitating condition for some people, and is associated with psychiatric comorbidities and high healthcare costs.
  • 222
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Pregnancy
Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential components in a myriad of pathogenic entities that lead to metabolic and chronic diseases. Moreover, inflammation in its different phases is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, an equilibrium between a necessary/pathologic level of inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy is needed to avoid disease development. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important for a healthy pregnancy and a good neonatal outcome. Their role in fetal development during challenging situations is vital for maintaining the equilibrium. 
  • 269
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear Factor-like 2 Regulation and Inflammation
The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2) is of major importance as the defense instrument against OS and alters anti-inflammatory activities related to different pathological states.
  • 265
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Artificial Intelligence
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has a global prevalence of around 4.1% and is associated with a low quality of life and increased healthcare costs. Current guidelines recommend that IBS is diagnosed using the symptom-based Rome IV criteria. Despite this, when patients seek medical attention, they are usually over-investigated. This issue might be resolved by novel technologies in medicine, such as the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). 
  • 343
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Galectin-1 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Galectin-1 is a unique and critical member of the galectin family, characterized by its ability to bind to β-galactoside-containing glycoconjugates. 
  • 374
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
HFOT in the Perioperative Setting and Procedural Sedation
High-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) is a respiratory support system, through which high flows of humidified and heated gas are delivered to hypoxemic patients.
  • 224
  • 07 Nov 2023
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