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Topic Review
Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Pediatric Obesity
Childhood obesity, a real pandemic, represents, in fact, a major public health problem worldwide, with an increasing trend in prevalence during the last decades, especially in developed countries. Due to its associated short- and long-term complications, it carries an important burden not only for health services, but also for society, since it is associated with both psychosocial problems like bullying, resulting in school absences and consequent poor school results, and organic conditions such as metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance, cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and even neoplasia.
  • 150
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants Used in Skin Diseases Treatment
Wound healing is a multifaceted process necessitating the collaboration of numerous elements to mend damaged tissue. Plant and animal-derived natural compounds have been utilized for wound treatment over the centuries, with many scientific investigations examining these compounds. Those with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties are particularly noteworthy, as they target various wound-healing stages to expedite recovery.
  • 177
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Small Airway Disease in Pulmonary Fibrotic Diseases
Small airway disease (SAD) is a pathological condition that affects the bronchioles and non-cartilaginous airways 2 mm or less in diameter. These airways play a crucial role in respiratory function and are often implicated in various pulmonary disorders. Pulmonary fibrotic diseases are characterized by the thickening and scarring of lung tissue, leading to progressive respiratory failure. 
  • 228
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Liver-Centric Role in Insulin Resistance
The central mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of MAFLD is insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia, which stimulates triglyceride synthesis and accumulation in the liver. On the other side, triglyceride and free fatty acid accumulation in hepatocytes promotes insulin resistance via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipotoxicity, and the increased secretion of hepatokines. Cytokines and adipokines cause insulin resistance, thus promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue and ectopic fat deposition in the muscles and liver. Free fatty acids along with cytokines and adipokines contribute to insulin resistance in the liver via the activation of numerous signaling pathways. The secretion of hepatokines, hormone-like proteins, primarily by hepatocytes is disturbed and impairs signaling pathways, causing metabolic dysregulation in the liver. ER stress and unfolded protein response play significant roles in insulin resistance aggravation through the activation of apoptosis, inflammatory response, and insulin signaling impairment mediated via IRE1/PERK/ATF6 signaling pathways and the upregulation of SREBP 1c. Circadian rhythm derangement and biological clock desynchronization are related to metabolic disorders, insulin resistance, and NAFLD, suggesting clock genes as a potential target for new therapeutic strategies.
  • 123
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
GAN-Based Applications in Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Data scarcity in the healthcare domain is a major drawback for most state-of-the-art technologies engaging artificial intelligence. The unavailability of quality data due to both the difficulty to gather and label them as well as due to their sensitive nature create a breeding ground for data augmentation solutions. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) which can have a wide range of symptoms including motor impairments consists of a very challenging case for quality data acquisition. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) can help alleviate such data availability issues.
  • 254
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
DL Techniques and Imaging in Head and Neck
Deep learning (DL) systems utilize complex algorithms and neural networks featuring numerous intricate layers in order to make decisions and solve advanced problems. Their application in medicine, and specifically in otorhinolaryngology has increased rapidly. The head and neck region is among the most common locations for cancer, with a substantial occurrence of lymph node involvement and metastases observed in both nearby and distant regions. 
  • 142
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Major Genetic Factors Involved in Liver Diseases Pathogenesis
Over the past century, our genetic background has not changed, but chronic diseases are on the rise globally. In addition to the genetic component, the critical factors for many diseases are lifestyle, eating changes, exposure to drugs, xenobiotics, alcohol, smoking, polluted air, etc. These techniques include genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that allow the identification of unknown genetic risk factors, positional cloning of unknown genes associated with different diseases, the gene tests for single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of selected genes or/and the entire genome. Gut microbiome composition and its metabolites are not only regulating factors in carcinogenesis (including de novo after liver transplantation) but also in xenobiotics and anticancer treatment failure, observations that may be related to the genetic background of the individuals.
  • 635
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Prebiotic Boron-Containing Compounds in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Studies have demonstrated that individuals with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) often exhibit dysbiosis, with imbalances in beneficial and pathogenic gut bacteria. Dysbiosis can lead to increased gut permeability and systemic inflammation, contributing to the chronic pain experienced in CRPS. B, an essential trace element, has shown promise in modulating the gut microbiome positively and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that B supplementation may alleviate neuropathic pain and improve CRPS symptoms by restoring microbiota balance and reducing inflammation. 
  • 208
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Types of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oral Cavity
Adult mesenchymal stem cells are those obtained from the conformation of dental structures (DMSC), such as deciduous and permanent teeth and other surrounding tissues. 
  • 635
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
TLR4 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Immunotherapy has emerged as the mainstay treatment option for unresectable HCC. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in the innate immune response by recognizing and responding primarily to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In addition to its role in the innate immune system, TLR4 has also been implicated in adaptive immunity, including specific anti-tumor immune responses. In particular, the TLR4 signaling pathway seems to be involved in the regulation of several cancer hallmarks, such as the continuous activation of cellular pathways that promote cell division and growth, the inhibition of programmed cell death, the promotion of several invasion and metastatic mechanisms, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and epigenetic modifications. Emerging evidence further suggests that TLR4 signaling holds promise as a potential immunotherapeutic target in HCC
  • 344
  • 21 Nov 2023
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