Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Antiviral Properties of Algal Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are a group of either similar or different saccharides that are connected with glycosidic bonds. These polysaccharide molecules inhibit viral replication by interfering in any stage of the viral life cycle, which generally takes place in phases such as the adsorption of the virus by the host cells, penetration into the host cell, uncoating of capsids, assembly and release of viral particles, or via inactivating virions before infection. The life cycle of viruses varies from species to species; thus, the action mechanisms of the algal polysaccharides also varies with the nature of the virus species.
  • 322
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Antiviral Strategies against Arthritogenic Alphaviruses
Alphaviruses are members of the Togaviridae family that are mainly transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes. In the last decades, several alphaviruses have re-emerged causing outbreaks worldwide. Infections with the Old World alphaviruses (e.g. CHIKV, RRV) are primarily associated with polyarthritis and myalgia that can persist for months to years. On the other hand, New World alphaviruses such as VEEV cause mainly neurological disease. Despite the worldwide (re-)emergence of these viruses, there are no antivirals or vaccines available for the treatment or prevention of infections with alphaviruses. It is therefore of utmost importance to develop antiviral strategies against these viruses. We here provide an overview of the reported antiviral strategies against arthritogenic alphaviruses. In addition, we highlight the future perspectives for the development and the proper use of such antivirals.
  • 744
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus
Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission, and molecular interactions with hosts.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Nov 2020
Topic Review
APOBECs and Virus Restriction
The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) enzyme family in humans has 11 members with diverse functions in metabolism and immunity. The enzymes deaminate cytosine in RNA or single-stranded (ss) DNA, which forms uracil. The name is derived from the first discovered family member, APOBEC1, that edits the apolipoprotein B mRNA and other mRNAs. Uracil in RNA has a coding function, but in single-stranded (ss)DNA, it is promutagenic. Amazingly, these modification enzymes make cellular function and immunity better. For example, some family members purposefully induce these mutations in viral genomes to restrict their replication. However, events can sometimes go wrong, leading to inappropriate expression or activity, which can result in somatic mutations and cancer evolution. 
  • 323
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Application Fields of Silver Nanoparticles
New antiviral drugs and new preventive antiviral strategies are a target of intense scientific interest. Thanks to their peculiar properties, nanomaterials play an important role in this field, and, in particular, among metallic materials, silver nanoparticles were demonstrated to be effective against a wide range of viruses, in addition to having a strong antibacterial effect. Although the mechanism of antiviral action is not completely clarified, silver nanoparticles can directly act on viruses, and on their first steps of interaction with the host cell, depending on several factors, such as size, shape, functionalization and concentration. 
  • 713
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Aptamers in Virology - HIV
Aptamers are oligonucleotides or peptide molecules that bind specifically to a variety of targets, often inhibiting protein–protein interactions. 
  • 434
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Arenaviridae Nucleoprotein
Arenaviridae is a family of viruses harbouring important emerging pathogens belonging to the Bunyavirales order. Like in other segmented negative strand RNA viruses, the nucleoprotein (NP) is a major actor of the viral life cycle being both (i) the necessary co-factor of the polymerase present in the L protein, and (ii) the last line of defence of the viral genome (vRNA) by physically hiding its presence in the cytoplasm. The NP is also one of the major players interfering with the immune system. Several structural studies of NP have shown that it features two domains: a globular RNA binding domain (NP-core) in its N-terminal and an exonuclease domain (ExoN) in its C-terminal. Further studies have observed that significant conformational changes are necessary for RNA encapsidation. We here present the architecture and latest structural data available on Arenaviridae NP.  
  • 879
  • 27 Jul 2020
Topic Review
ARP2/3 Complex-Driven Actin Polymerization in RSV Infection
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral agent causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under five years old worldwide. The RSV infection cycle starts with macropinocytosis-based entry into the host airway epithelial cell membrane, followed by virus transcription, replication, assembly, budding, and spread. It is not surprising that the host actin cytoskeleton contributes to different stages of the RSV replication cycle. RSV modulates actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex-driven actin polymerization for a robust filopodia induction on the infected lung epithelial A549 cells, which contributes to the virus’s budding, and cell-to-cell spread. 
  • 948
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the COVID-2019
COVID-2019 pandemic lead to a raised interest on the development of new treatments through Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is a suitable tool to quickly analyze large amounts of data or to estimate drug repurposing against COVID-2019.
  • 468
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Lipid Membranes for Viral Assembly Research
The cell plasma membrane is mainly composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and embedded proteins, presenting a complex interface with the cell environment. Enveloped viruses are also surrounded by a lipidic membrane derived from the host-cell membrane and acquired during the assembly at and the budding from the host cell plasma membrane. In this perspective, model membranes, composed of selected lipid mixtures mimicking plasma membrane chemical and physical properties, are tools of choice to decipher the first steps of enveloped viruses assembly. Hereafter are detailled some of the existing artificial lipid membranes and their contribution in deciphering the assembly process of 3 well known envelopped virus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the Influenza virus (IfV) and the Ebola virus (EboV).
  • 419
  • 29 Apr 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 51
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback