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Topic Review
Venom Constituents of Rattlesnake Venoms
Venom components are invaluable in biomedical research owing to their specificity and potency. Many of these components exist in two genera of rattlesnakes, Crotalus and Sistrurus, with high toxicity and proteolytic activity variation. 
  • 42
  • 18 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Regeneration
Bone defects are intricate pathological alterations resulting from osteoporotic fractures, traumatic injuries, inflammatory responses, malignant tumors, and various other factors. Extracellular vesicles are small lipid bilayer membrane particles secreted by all cell types. The term “EVs” collectively refers to diverse vesicle types, such as exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, shedding vesicles, and apoptotic bodies.
  • 42
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Differentially Regulated miRNAs in Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer is a complex and enigmatic disease caused by a series of alterations in genes that control cell growth and proliferation. miRNA was discovered by Ambros and co-workers in Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode), during their genetic study to investigate defects in the temporal control of C. elegans development.
  • 50
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Bio-Regulation
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals work to maintain homeostasis in the body, but their excessive production causes damage to the organism. The human body is composed of a variety of cells totaling over 60 trillion cells. Each cell performs different functions and has a unique lifespan. The lifespan of cells is preprogrammed in their genes, and the death of cells that have reached the end of their lifespan is called apoptosis. This is contrary to necrosis, which is the premature death of cells brought about by physical or scientific forces. Each species has its own unique lifespan, which in humans is estimated to be up to 120 years. Elucidating the mechanism of the death of a single cell will lead to a better understanding of human death, and, conversely, the death of a single cell will lead to exploring the mechanisms of life. In this sense, research on active oxygen and free radicals, which are implicated in biological disorders and homeostasis, requires an understanding of both the physicochemical as well as the biochemical aspects. Based on the discussion above, it is clear to see that active oxygen and free radicals have dual functions of both injuring and facilitating homeostasis in living organisms.
  • 71
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Self-Defense Mechanism in Rice to Salinity
Salinity has complex effects on plants, impacting many cellular and physiological systems. Plant roots absorb elevated sodium ions (Na+) in the soil. Elevated concentrations of Na+ alter the normal balance of ions within plant cells.
  • 45
  • 26 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microtubule Dynamics in Toxoplasma gondii
The success of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii in invading host cells relies on the apical complex, a specialized microtubule cytoskeleton structure associated with secretory organelles. The T. gondii genome encodes three isoforms of both α- and β-tubulin, which undergo specific post-translational modifications (PTMs), altering the biochemical and biophysical proprieties of microtubules and modulating their interaction with associated proteins. Tubulin PTMs represent a powerful and evolutionarily conserved mechanism for generating tubulin diversity, forming a biochemical ‘tubulin code’ interpretable by microtubule-interacting factors.
  • 49
  • 25 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Isoprene-Derived Signaling Molecules in Plant System
Isoprene, a lipophilic and unstable compound with the chemical formula C5H8, is transported to plant chloroplasts via the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which relies on photosynthesis. Although only about 20% of terrestrial plants can synthesize isoprene, those that emit it are more adaptable to oxidative and thermal stresses. Plants use volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to communicate with other living things. Isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes make up the largest class of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants terpenes. In plant–plant interactions, mono- and sesquiterpenes are well-known communication molecules. On the other hand, isoprene, the smallest and most often released terpene, is instead given a role in fighting abiotic stressors. 
  • 60
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Composition and Structure of Silk Fibroin
Silk fibroin is the principal component of raw silk and represents an extensively studied and utilized biopolymer. Silk fibroin is composed by three chains, light, heavy, and P25 protein. Heavy chain is rigorously organized in redundant aminoacidic sequences rich in glycine and alanine, secondary structure is organized in anti-parallel β-sheets that in turn form β-crystallites stacked in nano-fibrils. Those peculiar fibroin’s structural and compositional elements are crucial to determine the excellent physical properties, such as strength and toughness. Besides these characteristics, the processability and biocompatibility have attracted significant attention for the fabrication of several biomaterials suitable in many fields of application.
  • 437
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel genetic biomarkers that can be used as exclusionary tools specific to Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). These historical biomarkers have been there for years, so a change in the approach is necessary to better diagnose and treat these NDDs.
  • 75
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Role of Dioxygen in Microbial Bio-Oxygenation
Dioxygen (O2, more commonly referred to as molecular oxygen) is the only element in the Earth’s environment that is paramagnetic in its ground-state. Dioxygen-dependent enzymes (principally mono- and dioxygenases) play in relevant aspects of bio-oxygenation. This is reflected by the multiple strategic roles that dioxygen -dependent microbial enzymes play both in generating valuable synthons for chemoenzymatic synthesis and in facilitating reactions that help to drive the global geochemical carbon cycle. 
  • 80
  • 18 Mar 2024
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