Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
TNF Receptor Associated Factor-2 in Immune Signaling Pathways
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) is an intracellular adapter protein with E3 ligase activity, which interacts with a plethora of other signaling proteins, including plasma membrane receptors, kinases, phosphatases, other E3 ligases, and deubiquitinases. TRAF2 is involved in various cancer-relevant cellular processes, such as the activation of transcription factors of the NFκB family, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. In a context-dependent manner, TRAF2 promotes tumor development but it can also act as a tumor suppressor.
  • 473
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rho GTPase Regulators
The Rho family GTPases are small G proteins that act as molecular switches shuttling between active and inactive forms. Rho GTPases are regulated by two classes of regulatory proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Rho GTPases transduce the upstream signals to downstream effectors, thus regulating diverse cellular processes, such as growth, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. In particular, Rho GTPases play essential roles in regulating neuronal morphology and function. Recent evidence suggests that dysfunction of Rho GTPase signaling contributes substantially to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been found that 20 genes encoding Rho GTPase regulators and effectors are listed as ASD risk genes by Simons foundation autism research initiative (SFARI).
  • 472
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Germ Cell Derivation from PSCs
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have developed considerably in recent years; however, they cannot rectify germ cell aplasia, such as non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and oocyte maturation failure syndrome. In vitro gametogenesis is a promising technology to overcome infertility, particularly germ cell aplasia. Early germ cells, such as primordial germ cells, can be relatively easily derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs); however, further progression to post-meiotic germ cells usually requires a gonadal niche and signals from gonadal somatic cells.
  • 472
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
DNA Damage and Repair Pathway
DNA injuries occur as a result of intrinsic or extrinsic agents and can include modifications to bases and sugars, single- and double-strand breaks (SSBs, DSBs), DNA-protein crosslinks, and base-free sites. While some specific DNA lesions can lead to mutations that cause cancer, the main consequence of DNA injuries is the threat they pose to DNA integrity and stability. To prevent accumulated DNA lesions from causing irreversible harm, cells initiate DDR, which senses the DNA damage, signals its presence, and mediates its repair.
  • 472
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
IL-6 Cytokines and EMP
Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) plays critical physiological roles during embryonic development, postnatal growth and epithelial homeostasis, but it is also involved in a number of pathological conditions, including wound repair, fibrosis, inflammation and cancer. EMP has been intimately linked with most, if not all, of the steps during cancer development and progression (e.g., migration, invasion, immune escape, drug resistance and metastatic dissemination). Cytokines from the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family play fundamental roles in mediating tumour-promoting inflammation within the tumour microenvironment. In general, IL-6 cytokines activate EMP processes, fostering the acquisition of mesenchymal features in cancer cells. Here, we will summarise all the relevant literature related to all members of the IL-6 family and EMP.
  • 471
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Angiogenic Properties of Placenta-Derived EVs
Angiogenesis is one of the main processes that coordinate the biological events leading to a successful pregnancy, and its imbalance characterizes several pregnancy-related diseases, including preeclampsia. Intracellular interactions via extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to pregnancy’s physiology and pathophysiology, and to the fetal–maternal interaction.
  • 470
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Muscle Regeneration and RNA
In skeletal muscle, regeneration is driven by a reservoir of resident progenitors, called satellite cells, able to efficiently replenish damaged muscle [44]. These cells are not present in the adult cardiac muscle, although a regenerative response, mediated by the proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, occurs in mice during the first week of life [45,46,47]. Temporal and tissue-specific nuances in the process of regeneration may underlie the participation of still unknown protagonists, whose ability to fine-tune myogenic expression becomes critical in both physiological and pathological conditions. The peculiar properties of RNA, along with its tissue specificity, satisfy the requirements for its integration in regenerative networks and will surely pave the way for future applications in medicine.
  • 470
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Transthyretin: Osteoarticular and Cardiovascular Diseases
Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein transporting hormones in the plasma and brain, which has many other activities that have not been fully acknowledged. TTR is a positive indicator of nutrition status and is negatively correlated with inflammation. TTR is a neuroprotective and oxidative-stress-suppressing factor.
  • 470
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Recent Advances in Glioma Cancer Treatment
Gliomas are the brain’s most frequent and deadly tumors, accounting for roughly 30% of all brain malignancies. Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by changes in cell metabolism, including an increased Warburg effect, dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), disrupted lipids metabolism, and other metabolic changes. Targeting epigenetic variables, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and different vaccine- and peptide-based treatments are some innovative approaches to improve anti-glioma treatment efficacy. Following the identification of lymphatics in the central nervous system, immunotherapy offers a potential method with the potency to permeate the blood-brain barrier.
  • 470
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Exercise-Boosted Mitochondrial Remodeling in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons resulting in dopamine deficiency in the striatum. Given the estimated escalation in the number of people with PD, interventions aimed at minimizing morbidity and improving quality of life are crucial. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are intrinsic factors related to PD pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that patients with PD might benefit from various forms of exercise in diverse ways, from general health improvements to disease-specific effects and, potentially, disease-modifying effects.
  • 470
  • 23 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 161
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback