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Topic Review
Mechanisms of Microglia Proliferation in a Rat Model
Although microglia exist as a minor glial cell type in the normal state of the brain, they increase in number in response to various disorders and insults. However, it remains unclear whether microglia proliferate in the affected area, and the mechanism of the proliferation has long attracted the attention of researchers.
  • 369
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cathepsins in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Cathepsins are lysosomal proteases that are essential to maintain cellular physiological homeostasis and are involved in multiple processes, such as immune and energy regulation. Cathepsins have also been involved in pathological situations, especially when they are secreted and enter the extracellular space. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH) is a condition in which the livers of patients are afflicted by steatosis and inflammation. Cathepsins have been found to be involved in the pathology of NASH, through acting in apoptosis, metabolism and immunity. 
  • 424
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cathepsins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cathepsins are lysosomal proteases that are essential to maintain cellular physiological homeostasis and are involved in multiple processes, such as immune and energy regulation. Cathepsins are also involved in pathological situations, especially when they are secreted and enter the extracellular space. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and it is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Cathepsins are involved in the pathology of HCC through acting in proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, metabolism and immunity. 
  • 721
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms Governing Oligodendrocyte Viability in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which is triggered by an autoimmune assault targeting oligodendrocytes and myelin. Recent research indicates that the demise of oligodendrocytes due to an autoimmune attack contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
  • 119
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of circRNAs in Cancer Cells
The ever-increasing number of cancer cases and persistently high mortality underlines the urgent need to acquire new perspectives for developing innovative therapeutic approaches. As the research on protein-coding genes brought significant yet only incremental progress in the development of anticancer therapy, much attention is now devoted to understanding the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in various types of cancer. The ncRNAs recognized previously as “dark matter” are, in fact, key players in shaping cancer development. Moreover, breakthrough discoveries concerning the role of a new group of ncRNAs, circular RNAs, have evidenced their high importance in many diseases, including malignancies. 
  • 340
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Stretch Induced Skin Regeneration
Skin soft tissue expansion is one of the most basic and commonly used techniques in plastic surgery to obtain excess skin for a variety of medical uses. However, skin soft tissue expansion is faced with many problems, such as long treatment process, poor skin quality, high retraction rate, and complications. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of skin soft tissue expansion is needed. 
  • 296
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Matrix Metallopeptidase
Matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs), also known as matrix metalloproteinases or matrixins, are metalloproteinases that are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins. The MMPs belong to a larger family of proteases known as the metzincin superfamily. Collectively, these enzymes are capable of degrading all kinds of extracellular matrix proteins, but also can process a number of bioactive molecules. They are known to be involved in the cleavage of cell surface receptors, the release of apoptotic ligands (such as the FAS ligand), and chemokine/cytokine inactivation. MMPs are also thought to play a major role in cell behaviors such as cell proliferation, migration (adhesion/dispersion), differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and host defense. They were first described in vertebrates (1962), including humans, but have since been found in invertebrates and plants. They are distinguished from other endopeptidases by their dependence on metal ions as cofactors, their ability to degrade extracellular matrix, and their specific evolutionary DNA sequence. Recently matrix metalloproteinases have been proposed as markers of many pathological conditions for their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components and remodel tissues. Herein, MMPs have been reported as one of the main factors of cancer progression and metastasis formation. This led to the emerging research field in biosensors development for the detection of such enzymes.
  • 735
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Models of Apoptosis
Apoptosis is one of the most well-studied and characterized programmed cell death mechanisms. The detailed characterization of molecular interactions involved in apoptosis, and the growing amount of related quantitative data, has encouraged computational and systems biologists to develop mathematical models of apoptosis.
  • 554
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of rare diseases defined by abnormal accumulation of clonal mast cells (MC) in the skin, bone marrow and/or other visceral organs.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mast Cells as a Therapeutic Target
Anaphylaxis is one of the most life-threatening and intensive allergic reactions. Unlike anaphylactoid reaction, it is an immunoglobulin E-mediated response. Its symptoms can occur in multiple organ systems, such as cutaneous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and others. Mast cells together with basophils are the first cells that are responding to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Mast cells (MCs) are the immune cells distributed throughout nearly all tissues, mainly in the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, nerves, lungs, and the intestines. Although MCs are essential to the healthy immune response, their overactivity and pathological states can lead to numerous health hazards. The side effect of mast cell activity is usually caused by degranulation. It can be triggered by immunological factors, such as immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, or antigen–antibody complexes, and non-immune factors, such as radiation and pathogens. An intensive reaction of mast cells can even lead to anaphylaxis, one of the most life-threatening allergic reactions. What is more, mast cells play a role in the tumor microenvironment by modulating various events of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. 
  • 431
  • 04 May 2023
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