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Topic Review
Methods to Assess Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., APC, KRAS/BRAF, TGF-β, and TP53). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as SERP, p14, p16, LINE-1, and RASSF1A. Results on the prognostic value of the most commonly used cell cycle-related markers in CRC demonstrated by immunohistochemical (IHC) methods in relation to patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS), are inconsistent. However, it was possible to confirm such a role for cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67. The number of long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) associated with proliferation in CRC as confirmed prognostic markers is increasing. Despite the rather obvious limitations of IHC and new molecular techniques, the standardisation of methods for quantitative assessment of proliferation marker expression, or the understanding of endogenous and exogenous (environmental) mechanisms of accelerated cellular proliferation, requires further development.
  • 319
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Methionine and Stemness
Stem cells are a population of undifferentiated cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacities. Normal and cancer stem cells share similar characteristics in relation to their stemness properties. One-carbon metabolism (OCM), a network of interconnected reactions, plays an important role in this dependence through its role in the endogenous synthesis of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the universal donor of methyl groups in eukaryotic cells. OCM genes are differentially expressed in stem cells, compared to their differentiated counterparts. Furthermore, cultivating stem cells in methionine-restricted conditions hinders their stemness capacities through decreased SAM levels with a subsequent decrease in histone methylation, notably H3K4me3, with a decrease in stem cell markers. Stem cells’ reliance on methionine is linked to several mechanisms, including high methionine flux or low endogenous methionine biosynthesis.
  • 499
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Metformin and Male Reproduction
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, shows positive effect on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in men with T2DM and metabolic syndrome, thus MF treatment indicates prospective use for improvement of male reproductive functions and fertility in these disorders. The entry is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of male reproductive functions in metabolic and endocrine disorders. 
  • 560
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Metformin and Female Reproduction
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The entry is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. 
  • 504
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Metastasis-Initiating Cells
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy with a high prevalence of transcoelomic metastasis. Metastasis is a multi-step process and only a small percentage of cancer cells, metastasis-initiating cells (MICs), have the capacity to finally establish metastatic lesions. These MICs maintain a certain level of stemness that allows them to differentiate into other cell types with distinct transcriptomic profiles and swiftly adapt to external stresses. Furthermore, they can coordinate with the microenvironment, through reciprocal interactions, to invade and establish metastases. Therefore, identifying, characterizing, and targeting MICs is a promising strategy to counter the spread of ovarian cancer. 
  • 293
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metal Ions as Signaling Agents
Metal ions can be involved in signaling processes within the cell in both physiological and pathological conditions. Magnesium and calcium are the most recognized signaling agents among metals. Zinc, copper, and iron can also play key roles in signaling pathways. There are many systems in which changes in intra- and extra-cellular zinc and copper concentrations have been linked to important downstream events, especially in nervous signal transduction. Iron signaling is mostly related with its homeostasis. However, it is also involved in a recently discovered type of programmed cell death, ferroptosis.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Metabolism of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare cancer cell population, responsible for the facilitation, progression, and resistance of tumors to therapeutic interventions. This subset of cancer cells with stemness and tumorigenic properties is organized in niches within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and presents altered regulation in a variety of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as lipid, amino acid, and iron metabolism. 
  • 250
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Regulation of Mitochondrial Protein Biogenesis in neurons
Neurons critically depend on mitochondria for ATP production and Ca2+ buffering. They are highly compartmentalized cells and therefore a finely tuned mitochondrial network constantly adapting to the local requirements is necessary. For neuronal maintenance, old or damaged mitochondria need to be degraded, while the functional mitochondrial pool needs to be replenished with freshly synthesized components. Mitochondrial biogenesis is known to be primarily regulated via the PGC-1α-NRF1/2-TFAM pathway at the transcriptional level. However, while transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial genes can change the global mitochondrial content in neurons, it does not explain how a morphologically complex cell like a neuron adapts to local differences in mitochondrial demand. 
  • 524
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Alterations in Parkinson’s Disease
The PD model flies based on DJ-1β inactivation  exhibited protein metabolism alterations, a shift from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to glycolytic pathway to obtain ATP, together with an increase in the expression of some urea cycle enzymes. Thus, these metabolic changes could contribute to PD pathogenesis and might constitute possible therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers for this disease.
  • 466
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Messenger RNA for Regenerative Medicine
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced in living organisms by transcription from genomic DNA, and proteins are produced based on the sequence information from mRNA.  The COVID-19 pandemic generated interest in the medicinal applications of mRNA. It is expected that mRNA will be applied, not only to vaccines, but also to regenerative medicine. The purity of mRNA is important for its medicinal applications. 
  • 325
  • 28 Dec 2023
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