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Topic Review
Farnesoid X Receptor
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has a central role in Bile Acids (BA) homeostasis and recent publications revealed that changes in autophagy due to BA-induced reactive oxygen species and increased anti-oxidant response via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), result in dysregulation of FXR signaling. Several mechanistic studies have identified new dysfunctions of the cholestatic liver at cellular and molecular level, opening new venues for developing more performant therapies.
  • 634
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tunneling Nanotubes
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are recognized long membrane nanotubes connecting distance cells. In the last decade, growing evidence has shown that these subcellular structures mediate the specific transfer of cellular materials, pathogens, and electrical signals between cells. As intercellular bridges, they play a unique role in embryonic development, collective cell migration, injured cell recovery, cancer treatment resistance, and pathogen propagation. Although TNTs have been considered as potential drug targets for treatment, there is still a long way to go to translate the research findings into clinical practice.
  • 633
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Possible Role of Kiss1/GPR54 System in Skeletal Muscle
The skeletal muscle is the storage organ for muscle glycogen and the most prominent motor organ of an organism. Consequently, the relationship between the skeletal muscle and energy metabolism cannot be ignored during physical activities, especially during exercise. The Kiss1/GPR54 system is a multifunctional genetic system with an essential role in regulating energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Expression of Kiss1 and GPR54 mRNAs can be detected in skeletal muscle of some mammals. However, the Kiss1/GPR54 system in skeletal muscles has not been thoroughly studied. Researchers have proposed the speculation on the possible role of the kiss1 /GPRS4 system in skeletal muscle in association with exercise performance.
  • 633
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Breakdown of Filamentous Myofibrils
Protein degradation maintains cellular integrity by regulating virtually all biological pro- cesses, whereas impaired proteolysis perturbs protein quality control, and often leads to human disease. Two major proteolytic systems are responsible for protein breakdown in all cells: autophagy, which facilitates the loss of organelles, protein aggregates, and cell surface proteins; and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which promotes degradation of mainly soluble proteins. Recent findings indicate that more complex protein structures, such as filamentous assemblies, which are not acces- sible to the catalytic core of the proteasome in vitro, can be efficiently degraded by this proteolytic machinery in systemic catabolic states in vivo. Mechanisms that loosen the filamentous structure seem to be activated first, hence increasing the accessibility of protein constituents to the UPS. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the disassembly and loss of the intricate insoluble filamentous myofibrils, which are responsible for muscle contraction, and whose degradation by the UPS causes weakness and disability in aging and disease. Several lines of evidence indicate that myofibril breakdown occurs in a strictly ordered and controlled manner, and the function of AAA-ATPases is crucial for their disassembly and loss.
  • 631
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Protein Phase Separation
Phase separation is a process by which a well-mixed solution of macromolecules such as proteins or nucleic acids spontaneously separates into two phases: a dense phase and a dilute phase.
  • 630
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of SLC7A11 in Cancer Metabolism
Solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) is a cell transmembrane protein composing the light chain of system xc−, transporting extracellular cystine into cells for cysteine production and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. SLC7A11 is a critical gateway for redox homeostasis by maintaining the cellular levels of GSH that counter cellular oxidative stress and suppress ferroptosis. SLC7A11 is overexpressed in various human cancers and regulates tumor development, proliferation, metastasis, microenvironment, and treatment resistance.
  • 630
  • 08 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cell–Cell Mating Interactions
It is an understatement that mating and DNA transfer are key events for living organisms. Among the traits needed to facilitate mating, cell adhesion between gametes is a universal requirement. Thus, there should be specific properties for the adhesion proteins involved in mating. Biochemical and biophysical studies have revealed structural information about mating adhesins, as well as their specificities and affinities, leading to some ideas about these specialized adhesion proteins. Single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) has added important findings. In SCFS, mating cells are brought into contact in an atomic force microscope (AFM), and the adhesive forces are monitored through the course of mating. The results have shown some remarkable characteristics of mating adhesins and add knowledge about the design and evolution of mating adhesins. 
  • 630
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cell Culture
The cultivation of cells in a favorable artificial environment has become a versatile tool in cellular and molecular biology. Cultured primary cells and continuous cell lines are indispensable in investigations of basic, biomedical, and translational research.
  • 630
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ROS in Cancer Progression
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in biological processes and continuous ROS production in normal cells is controlled by the appropriate regulation between the silver lining of low and high ROS concentration mediated effects. Interestingly, ROS also dynamically influences the tumor microenvironment and is known to initiate cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and survival at different concentrations. At moderate concentration, ROS activates the cancer cell survival signaling cascade involving mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), which in turn activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). At high concentrations, ROS can cause cancer cell apoptosis. Hence, it critically depends upon the ROS levels, to either augment tumorigenesis or lead to apoptosis.
  • 629
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Alternatively Spliced Isoforms in MAPK Signaling
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling components  that transmit signals to many cellular processes. Each of the cascades operates by a sequential activation of protein kinases organized in three or more tiers that provide a seemingly linear signal transmission. However, the cellular effects regulated by each cascade may vary significantly. To achieve these diverse effects, the specificity of each cascade is extended by distinct regulators.  Here we describe the importance of having distinct components in each tier of the cascades, particularly alternatively spliced isoforms of the MAPK components. This mode of regulation extends the cascade’s specificity and allows accurate, fine-tuned signaling outcomes that lead to proper cell fates. 
  • 629
  • 28 Jan 2022
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