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Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy
Autophagy (self-eating) is a multifaceted and evolutionarily preserved sequence of actions that is activated in response to dysfunctional organelles and aggregated protein to sustain cellular homeostasis.
  • 872
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Betel quid (BQ) chewing increased the risk of oral cancer and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), an oral premalignant disorder (OPMD) with malignant transformation potential. BQ components such as areca nut (AN), trauma by coarse AN fiber, catechin, copper, alkaloids, stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and cytotoxicity are suggested to be the contributing factors. In this review, the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover related genes and proteins in OSMF and the relation to betel quid chewing habit is discussed. Genetic susceptibility of ECM-related genes to OSMF is also mentioned. These results can facilitate our understanding the pathogenesis of OSMF and its possible prevention/treatment in the future.
  • 870
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic structures that are part of the cell cytoskeleton. They play important roles in various cellular functions, such as intracellular organization and transport, cell division, and cell migration. MTs are made up of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that display diversity due to the existence of different tubilin isotypes and post-translational modifications (PTMs). One specific PTM, tubulin-acetylation, occurs inside the MT lumen and has been pointed out as a hallmark of stable old MTs. However, the question if it is a cause or a consequence of long-lived MTs has never been clarified. The view on tubulin acetylation is that this modification alters the mechanical properties of MTs allowing MTs to bend and to resist age-related lattice damage caused by multiple interactions with different factors during their existence. However, how this ability of MTs to survive structural damage is translated into specific cellular functions is still controversial, and it is far from being elucidated. This PTM is also associated with cellular responses to stress and various human pathologies.The regulation of enzymes involved in tubulin acetylation and deacetylation is important for maintaining proper cell physiology. 
  • 867
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Exercise Interventions in Cancer-Related Cachexia
Cancer-related cachexia is a complex multifactorial phenomenon in which systemic inflammation plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the symptomatology. Pharmacological interventions seem to produce a positive effect on inflammatory state and cachexia. Nutritional interventions are focused on a high-energy diet with high-density foods and the supplementation with antioxidants, while physical activity is focused on strength-based training. The implementation of multidisciplinary non-pharmacological interventions in cancer-related cachexia could be an important tool to improve traditional treatments and improve patients’ quality of life.
  • 867
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
NLRP3
The NLRP3 inflammasome (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) is an intracellular, multiprotein signalling complex implicated in a plethora of inflammatory diseases. These integral elements include the sensor NLRP3 protein, an adaptor protein called adaptor molecule apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and procaspase-1. The sensor NLRP3 protein can be triggered by PAMPs, DAMPs, and a range of diverse external stimuli such as infection and injury.
  • 863
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Tubulin Code in Mitosis
Mitosis relies on the critical contribution of microtubules, as well as several microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and motors, to regulate several key mechanisms underlying the faithful segregation of the genetic material during cell division. The mitotic spindle is an anisotropic and highly heterogeneous structure, with dynamic astral microtubules essentially tyrosinated, in contrast with more stable microtubule subpopulations, such as kinetochore and a fraction of interpolar microtubules, which accumulate detyrosinated, Δ2, acetylated and polyglutamylated tubulin.
  • 861
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mucociliary clearance
Mucociliary clearance constitutes an innate lung defense mechanism that is primarily driven by ciliated cells. Respiratory mucus traps pathogens entering the airways, and lung cilia propel them outward via their coordinated directional motion. Thus, damage to the component(s) of this apparatus is averted and physiological function is ensured. 
  • 862
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Functional Aspects of Epidermal Barrier
The epidermis is a living, multilayered barrier with five functional levels, including a physical, a chemical, a microbial, a neuronal, and an immune level. 
  • 860
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous population of membranous cell-derived structures, including cargo-oriented exosomes and microvesicles. EVs are functionally associated with intercellular communication and play an essential role in multiple physiopathological conditions. Shedding of EVs is frequently increased in malignancies and their content, including proteins and nucleic acids, altered during carcinogenesis and cancer progression. EVs-mediated intercellular communication between tumor cells and between tumor and stromal cells can modulate, through cargo miRNA, the survival, progression, and drug resistance in cancer conditions. These consolidated suggestions and EVs’ stability in bodily fluids have led to extensive investigations on the potential employment of circulating EVs-derived miRNAs as tumor biomarkers and potential therapeutic vehicles. 
  • 859
  • 18 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration
The main degenerative diseases of the retina include macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. Novel approaches for treating retinal diseases are based on cell replacement therapy using a variety of exogenous stem cells. An alternative and complementary approach is the potential use of retinal regeneration cell sources (RRCSs) containing retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary body, Müller glia, and retinal ciliary region. RRCSs in lower vertebrates in vivo and in mammals mostly in vitro are able to proliferate and exhibit gene expression and epigenetic characteristics typical for neural/retinal cell progenitors.
  • 857
  • 08 Dec 2022
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