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Topic Review
NK Cells in Pregnancy
NK cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate and adaptative immune response. These cells differ from T and B lymphocytes by the expression of preferentially CD16, CD56 markers. NK cells are located in peripheral blood and tissues with ample functions, from immune vigilant to tolerogenic reactions. The presence of tissue-resident NK cells has been observed in several species.
  • 349
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CaFtsH06
we examined the transcriptional regulation of the CaFtsH06 gene in the R9 thermo-tolerant pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) line. The results of qRT-PCR revealed that CaFtsH06 expression was rapidly induced by abiotic stress treatments, including heat, salt, and drought. The CaFtsH06 protein was localized to the mitochondria and cell membrane. Additionally, silencing CaFtsH06 increased the accumulation of malonaldehyde content, conductivity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and the activity levels of superoxide dismutase and superoxide (·O2−), while total chlorophyll content decreased under these abiotic stresses. Furthermore, CaFtsH06 ectopic expression enhanced tolerance to heat, salt, and drought stresses, thus decreasing malondialdehyde, proline, H2O2, and ·O2− contents while superoxide dismutase activity and total chlorophyll content were increased in transgenic Arabidopsis. Similarly, the expression levels of other defense-related genes were much higher in the transgenic ectopic expression lines than WT plants. These results suggest that CaFtsH06 confers abiotic stress tolerance in peppers by interfering with the physiological indices through reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, inducing the activities of stress-related enzymes and regulating the transcription of defense-related genes, among other mechanisms. The results of this study suggest that CaFtsH06 plays a very crucial role in the defense mechanisms of pepper plants to unfavorable environmental conditions and its regulatory network with other CaFtsH genes should be examined across variable environments
  • 390
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sublethal Cell Death Signaling
An important role of cell death pathways is to protect tissues and minimize disease by limiting the transference of potentially oncogenic mutations to daughter clones. However, there is increasing evidence demonstrating that activation of sublethal cell death signaling pathways, in particular apoptotic signaling, in the absence of direct DNA damaging stimuli, can promote genomic instability in cells that fail to die. This may increase the risk of the formation of subsequent neoplasms. Apoptosis-mediated mutagenesis occurs indirectly via sublethal activation of caspases and apoptotic nucleases (specifically CAD). On the other hand, cells surviving sublethal necroptotic signaling did not acquire mutations, most likely due to caspase-independent pathways, although the possibility of mutagenesis under conditions of oxidative stress are still elusive. It may therefore be possible for necroptosis-inducing anti-cancer drugs to be less likely than apoptosis-inducing or DNA damaging drugs to trigger therapy-related cancers.
  • 818
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways
Understanding the autistic brain and the involvement of genetic, non-genetic, and numerous signaling pathways in the etiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex, as is evident from various studies. Apart from multiple developmental disorders of the brain, autistic subjects show a few characteristics like impairment in social communications related to repetitive, restricted, or stereotypical behavior, which suggests alterations in neuronal circuits caused by defects in various signaling pathways during embryogenesis. Most of the research studies on ASD subjects and genetic models revealed the involvement of mutated genes with alterations of numerous signaling pathways like Wnt, hedgehog, and Retinoic Acid (RA).
  • 497
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Role of ABC Transporters
ABC transporters are a large family of membrane proteins that transport chemically diverse substrates through the lipid bilayer of cell plasma membranes while accompanied by ATP hydrolysis [47,48]. Currently, 49 different genes encoding ABC transporters are known in humans, which, based on the structural features, are divided into seven subfamilies, designated ABCA–ABCG .
  • 457
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lipid-Based mRNA Nanoparticles
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is being extensively used in gene therapy and vaccination due to its safety over DNA, in the following ways: its lack of integration risk, cytoplasmic expression, and transient expression compatible with fine regulations. However, clinical applications of mRNA are limited by its fast degradation by nucleases, and the activation of detrimental immune responses. Advances in mRNA applications, with the recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines, were fueled by optimization of the mRNA sequence and the development of mRNA delivery systems. Although delivery systems and mRNA sequence optimization have been abundantly reviewed, understanding of the intracellular processing of mRNA is mandatory to improve its applications. 
  • 588
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Filaggrin
Filaggrin (FLG) is a large (37-kD), histidine rich protein named after its ability to aggregates keratin intermediate filaments (Filament aggregating Protein). FLG is an important epidermal structural protein, crucial to the structure and function of the stratum corneum (SC) and is largely involved in the maintenance of skin barrier function. FLG deficiency or dysfunction can lead to various skin disorders such as xerosis, ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis (AD). It has been proposed that the level of FLG and its degradation products are influenced not only by the FLG loss-of-function mutations but also by endogenous or exogenous factors. 
  • 631
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Wound Healing
Wound healing is a multistage dynamic process including haemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation and tissue remodelling.
  • 792
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cellular Senescence in Lung Fibrosis
Cellular senescence, one of the hallmarks of aging, is defined as a cellular state of irreversibly arrested proliferation of aged or damaged cells.
  • 525
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Management's Gut Microbiota
Liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Emerging data highlight the importance of gut homeostasis in the pathogenesis of HCC. Clinical and translational studies revealed the patterns of dysbiosis in HCC patients and their potential role for HCC diagnosis. Research on underlying mechanisms of dysbiosis in HCC development pointed out the direction for improving the treatment and prevention. Despite missing clinical studies, animal models showed that modulation of the gut microbiota by probiotics may become a new way to treat or prevent HCC development. 
  • 574
  • 08 Jul 2021
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