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Topic Review
MSC-Derived Exosomes for COVID-19 Treatment
Exosomes possess anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties that can be explored in an effort to improve the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. 
  • 379
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in FECD
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a genetically complex, heterogenous, age-related degenerative disease of corneal endothelial cells (CEnCs), occurring in the fifth decade of life with a higher incidence in females. It is characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition called corneal guttae, causing light glare and visual complaints in patients. In FECD, CEnCs exhibit stress-induced senescence, oxidative stress, DNA damage, heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial damage, and dysfunction as well as sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Among all of these, mitochondrial dysfunction involving altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics plays a critical role in FECD pathogenesis. 
  • 379
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nutrients in Maintaining Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Nutrients are converted by the body to smaller molecules, which are utilized for both anabolic and catabolic metabolic reactions. Cooperative regulation of these processes is critical for life-sustaining activities. Critical roles of catabolic regulators in stem cell homeostasis are conserved in several types of tissues, including hematopoiesis. These catabolic signals are also major regulators of organismal lifespan in multiple species. In parallel, changes to nutrients via alterations to dietary intake affect not only an organism’s metabolic state but also the behavior of its stem cells. While the molecular mechanisms involved in these two aspects of nutrient function may not necessarily overlap, a deeper understanding of these phenomena will point to new avenues of medical research and may furnish new agents for improving human health care.
  • 379
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Application of Exfoliated Podocytes from Urine in CKD
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue, affecting more than 10% of the worldwide population. It is defined by structural and functional changes to the kidney. Urinary exfoliated podocytes and podocyte-specific markers have demonstrated value for the early diagnosis of CKD and prognosticating CKD progression.
  • 379
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
All-Russian Collection of Plant Cell Cultures
The collections of plant cell cultures maintained in vitro are valuable sources of strains with unique ecological and biotechnological traits. Such collections play a vital role in bioresource conservation, science, and industry development. Here is an overview of All-Russian Collection of Plant Cell Cultures at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPPRAS). The total collection holdings comprise about 120 cell cultures of medicinal and model plant species. Several plant cell culture strains have been adapted for cultivation in bioreactors from laboratory (5–20-L) to pilot (75-L) to semi-industrial (630-L) scale for the production of biomass with high nutritive or pharmacological value. Some of the strains with proven biological activities are currently used to produce cosmetics and food supplements. Here is also provided a brief information on the current collection composition and major activities, their use in research, biotechnology, and commercial application. The most interesting studies performed with collection strains were highlighted.
  • 384
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Inflammatory Diseases
Inflammation is the defense mechanism of the immune system against harmful stimuli such as pathogens, toxic compounds, damaged cells, radiation etc. and characterized by tissue redness, swelling, heat generation, pain, and loss of tissue functions. Inflammation is essential in the recruitment of immune cells at the site of infection, which not only aids in the elimination of the cause, but also initiates the healing process. However, prolonged inflammation often brings about several chronic inflammatory disorders, hence, a balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is essential in order to eliminate the cause while producing least damage to the host. Growing body of evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a major role in cell-cell communication via the transfer of bioactive molecules in the form of proteins, lipids, DNA, RNAs, miRNAs etc. between the cells.
  • 379
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diverse Calpain Family in Trypanosomatidae
The Trypanosomatidae family, class Kinetoplastea, encompasses exclusively parasitic protozoa, some of which cause important human diseases. About 37 million people worldwide are infected either with Trypanosoma brucei, the etiological agent of African sleeping sickness; Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease; or with different species of the genus Leishmania, responsible for different clinical manifestations known as leishmaniasis. The current therapy to treat these diseases is unsatisfying due to their low efficacy, high cost, toxicity, and tough administration routes, like parenteral. Therefore, the search for more effective drugs is still an urgent need, which can lead to alternative strategies, such as a repurposed approach with compounds already approved for human usage. In view of this scenario, calpains are an interesting target due to the intense efforts to develop means of identifying selective inhibitors in this group of calcium-dependent cysteine peptidases. Since these enzymes are involved in crucial physiological roles in mammals, their deregulated activity is implicated in several pathophysiological processes, especially in fibrotic diseases and neurological disorders. Moreover, trypanosomatids harbor a large and diverse family of calpain sequences in their genomes, comprising a wide range of associated domains, differential gene expression among life-cycle forms, and ubiquitous distribution in the parasite cell body. However, due to the difficulties in assaying calpain activity in these microorganisms, there is still an open question: are trypanosomatid calpains proteolytically active?
  • 378
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Gene 33
Gene 33 (also named Mig6, RALT, and ERRFI1) is an adapter/scaffold protein with a calculated molecular weight of about 50 kD. It contains multiple domains known to mediate protein–protein interaction, suggesting that it has the potential to interact with many cellular partners and have multiple cellular functions. The research over the last two decades has confirmed that it indeed regulates multiple cell signaling pathways and is involved in many pathophysiological processes. Gene 33 has long been viewed as an exclusively cytosolic protein. However, recent evidence suggests that it also has nuclear and chromatin-associated functions. These new findings highlight a significantly broader functional spectrum of this protein.
  • 378
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Emerging Role of ALDH1A1 in Cancer Stem Cells
The protein family of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) encompasses nineteen members. The ALDH1 subfamily consists of enzymes with similar activity, having the capacity to neutralize lipid peroxidation products and to generate retinoic acid; however, only ALDH1A1 emerges as a significant risk factor in acute myeloid leukemia. Not only is the gene ALDH1A1 on average significantly overexpressed in the poor prognosis group at the RNA level, but its protein product, ALDH1A1 protects acute myeloid leukemia cells from lipid peroxidation byproducts. This capacity to protect cells can be ascribed to the stability of the enzyme under conditions of oxidant stress. The capacity to protect cells is evident both in vitro, as well as in mouse xenografts of those cells, shielding cells effectively from a number of potent antineoplastic agents. However, the role of ALDH1A1 in acute myeloid leukemia has been unclear in the past due to evidence that normal cells often have higher aldehyde dehydrogenase activity than leukemic cells. This being true, ALDH1A1 RNA expression is significantly associated with poor prognosis. It is hence imperative that ALDH1A1 is methodically targeted, particularly for the acute myeloid leukemia patients of the poor prognosis risk group that overexpress ALDH1A1 RNA.
  • 378
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Modelling Meningioma Using Organoids
Meningiomas are the most common tumours of the central nervous system. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this disease is classified into three different grades: 80% of meningioma patients present with benign grade I tumours, while less than 2% present with malignant grade III meningiomas. Despite affecting thousands of people worldwide, much remains unknown about this disease, and the development of systemic treatments is still far behind in comparison to other types of tumours. Therefore, forming 3D structures (spheroids and organoids) could facilitate research on the mechanisms of formation, proliferation, migration, and invasion of these, for the most part, benign tumours, while also helping in the process of drug development. To date, there are three published methods for the formation of meningioma organoids primarily derived from patient tissue samples. Organoids offer many advantages in the development of treatments because they recapitulate the cellular complexity within tumours. These new methodological advances could open a substantial number of possibilities for the further characterisation and treatment of meningiomas.
  • 386
  • 18 Dec 2023
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