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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of PP2C Genes
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) triggers cellular tolerance responses to osmotic stress caused by drought and salinity. ABA controls the turgor pressure of guard cells in the plant epidermis, leading to stomatal closure to minimize water loss. However, stomatal apertures open to uptake CO2 for photosynthesis even under stress conditions. ABA modulates its signaling pathway via negative feedback regulation to maintain plant homeostasis. In the nuclei of guard cells, the clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) counteract SnRK2 kinases by physical interaction, and thereby inhibit activation of the transcription factors that mediate ABA-responsive gene expression. Under osmotic stress conditions, PP2Cs bind to soluble ABA receptors to capture ABA and release active SnRK2s. Thus, PP2Cs function as a switch at the center of the ABA signaling network. ABA induces the expression of genes encoding repressors or activators of PP2C gene transcription. These regulators mediate the conversion of PP2C chromatins from a repressive to an active state for gene transcription. The stress-induced chromatin remodeling states of ABA-responsive genes could be memorized and transmitted to plant progeny; i.e., transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
721
08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Modifications and Carcinogenesis
Epigenetics encompasses a group of dynamic, reversible, and heritable modifications that occur within cells that are independent of gene mutations. These alterations are highly influenced by the environment, from the environment that surrounds the human being to the internal microenvironments located within tissues and cells. The ways that pigenetic modifications promote the initiation of the tumorigenic process have been widely demonstrated. Similarly, it is well known that carcinogenesis is supported and prompted by a strong proinflammatory environment. At the same time, cancer cells can alter their epigenetic profile to generate a positive loop in the promotion of the inflammatory process. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the epigenetic networks between the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells might highlight new targetable mechanisms that could prevent tumor progression.
427
16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Changes and Chromatin Reorganization in Brain Function
Healthy brain functioning in mammals requires a continuous fine-tuning of gene expression. Accumulating evidence over the past demonstrates that epigenetic mechanisms and dynamic changes in chromatin organization are critical components during the control of gene transcription in neural cells. Genome-wide analyses show that the regulation of brain genes requires the contribution of both promoter and long-distance enhancer elements, which must functionally interact to upregulate gene expression in response to physiological cues. Hence, a deep comprehension of the mechanisms mediating these enhancer–promoter interactions (EPIs) is critical if people are to understand the processes associated with learning, memory and recall. Moreover, the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases and neurological alterations are found to be strongly associated with changes in the components that support and/or modulate the dynamics of these EPIs.
440
28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulation of Macrophages during Gout
Metabolites are the substrate, intermediate, or final products of metabolic reactions that drive the function of a given cell in a particular time and context. Therefore, metabolites provide essential information about the connection between gene expression and the environment, and, as such, they are elegant disease biomarkers. Macrophages represent an elegant model for understanding histone dynamics, transcription factor recruitment, and changes in gene expression during signal transduction by environmental signals.
234
27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Epicardial Cell Heterogeneity during Cardiogenesis and Heart Regeneration
The outermost layer of the heart, the epicardium, is an essential cell population that contributes, through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to the formation of different cell types and provides paracrine signals to the developing heart. Despite its quiescent state during adulthood, the adult epicardium reactivates and recapitulates many aspects of embryonic cardiogenesis in response to cardiac injury, thereby supporting cardiac tissue remodeling. Thus, the epicardium has been considered a crucial source of cell progenitors that offers an important contribution to cardiac development and injured hearts.
332
12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
EphA2 Surface Marker for WJ-MSCs
Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) are a valuable tool in stem cell research due to their high proliferation rate, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and immunotolerance properties. However, fibroblast impurity during WJ-MSCs isolation is unavoidable because of morphological similarities and shared surface markers. Here, a proteomic approach was employed to identify specific proteins deferentially expressed by WJ-MSCs in comparison to those by neonatal foreskin and adult skin fibroblasts (NFFs and ASFs, respectively). EphA2, SLC25A4, and SOD2 were predominantly expressed by WJ-MSCs, while CDH2 and Talin2 were specific to NFFs and ASFs, respectively. Here, EphA2 was established as a potential surface-specific marker to distinguish WJ-MSCs from fibroblasts and for prospective use to prepare pure primary cultures of WJ-MSCs for prospective clinical use. Additionally, CDH2 could be used for a negative-selection isolation/depletion method to remove neonatal fibroblasts contaminating preparations of WJ-MSCs.
943
30 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Eosinophil Structure and Biology
Eosinophils are granulocytes with unique biology. The fact that these cells have been largely preserved during evolution strongly suggests that they play relevant physiological functions. Eosinophils have traditionally been classified as effector cells with prevalent cytotoxic activity, although recent evidence indicates that these cells may play a role in a wide range of homeostatic and regulatory functions.
4.1K
09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Enzyme-mediated Conjugation in Molecular Imaging
Molecular imaging is one of the most fast-developing areas of research. It aims to visualize, characterize, and quantify, in a non-invasive way, processes on molecular or cellular levels in living systems, giving clinicians important information both in the diagnosis and for monitoring the treatment of diseases. Enzymes are powerful tools that efficiently allow the conjugation of proteins under physiological conditions, thus preserving their native structure and activity. Chemoselectivity and site-specificity are also important characteristics of the enzyme-mediated protein conjugation, that allow derivatization of only one type of functional group and to modify a biomolecule at a single defined position (or, in some cases, in a small number of defined positions), respectively. Since nuclear molecular imaging can benefit greatly from the production of homogenous derivatives, enzymatic-based methodologies can be used for the production of site-specific labeled immunoconjugates.
422
14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Enzymatical Processes
Enzymatical processes topic wants to enhance the central role of enzymes, the real workers from whose silent and tireless work depends the well-being of all cells in fact, intra-cellular reactions that take place in the cells are facilitated and therefore accelerated by enzymes.
299
08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Determinants of Ferroptosis in Cancer
Many metastasizing cancer cells are vulnerable to a particular type of cell death known as ferroptosis, which is an iron-dependent form of cell death caused by accumulative oxidative stress. Interestingly, many intracellular and extracellular factors can influence ferroptosis and, therefore, dictate the efficiency and route of tumor metastasis.
243
08 Aug 2023
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