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Topic Review
Heat Shock Proteins in Colorectal Carcinoma
Cancer cells can reprogram their metabolic activities and undergo uncontrolled proliferation by utilizing the power of heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are highly conserved chaperones that facilitate the folding of intracellular proteins under stress. Constitutively, HSPs are expressed at low levels, but their expression upregulates in response to a wide variety of insults, including anticancer drugs, allowing cancer cells to develop chemoresistance.
  • 462
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
CFTR Lifecycle Map
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common genetic diseases prevalent among the Caucasian population and is caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. To date, several hundred disease-causing mutations are known, resulting in a vast range of geno- and phenotypes, which makes the development of therapeutics especially challenging. To support the development of novel therapeutics, systems biological disease maps can be used. Disease maps represent existing knowledge on disease mechanisms in a computationally readable and comprehensive manner so they can then be used by clinicians and experimental scientists as well as computational scientists for different purposes, such as structuring high-throughput data, identifying disease biomarkers, developing better diagnostics and also identifying potential drug targets and drug repositioning. The CFTR Lifecycle Map in particular details the biogenesis of CFTR in cells to support ongoing drug discovery endeavours in CF research.
  • 462
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Secretory Immunoglobulin A Immunity in COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) are distinct respiratory diseases that share features such as the obstruction of small airways and disease flare-ups that are called exacerbations and are often caused by infections. Along the airway epithelium, immunoglobulin (Ig) A contributes to first line mucosal protection against inhaled particles and pathogens. Dimeric IgA produced by mucosal plasma cells is transported towards the apical pole of airway epithelial cells by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), where it is released as secretory IgA. Secretory IgA mediates immune exclusion and promotes the clearance of pathogens from the airway surface by inhibiting their adherence to the epithelium. 
  • 462
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Cancer Treatment
Telomeres are non-coding short repeat sequences (TTAGGG in vertebrates) which in combination with shelterin proteins protect the ends of linear chromosomes from degradation, recombination, and end fusions. Human telomeres range from 5–15 kb in length. Human Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) cancers are often present as mesenchymal or epithelial origin in subsets of osteosarcomas, liposarcomas, glioblastomas, or astrocytomas.
  • 462
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
PGC-1α and Mitochondria
Mitochondria play a major role in ROS production and defense during their life cycle. The transcriptional activator PGC-1α is a key player in the homeostasis of energy metabolism and is therefore closely linked to mitochondrial function. PGC-1α responds to environmental and intracellular conditions and is regulated by SIRT1/3, TFAM, and AMPK, which are also important regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
  • 462
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Efficient Mucosal Repair Limits Morbidity from Colic
Colic is a leading cause of death in horses, with the most fatal form being strangulating obstruction which directly damages the intestinal barrier. Following surgical intervention, it is imperative that the intestinal barrier rapidly repairs to prevent translocation of gut bacteria and their products and ensure survival of the patient. Age-related disparities in survival have been noted in many species, including horses, humans, and pigs, with younger patients suffering poorer clinical outcomes. Maintenance and repair of the intestinal barrier is regulated by a complex mucosal microenvironment, of which the ENS, and particularly a developing network of subepithelial enteric glial cells, may be of particular importance in neonates with colic. Postnatal development of an immature enteric glial cell network is thought to be driven by the microbial colonization of the gut and therefore modulated by diet-influenced changes in bacterial populations early in life.
  • 461
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Terpenoid Transport in Plants
Contrary to the biosynthetic pathways of many terpenoids, which are well characterized and elucidated, their transport inside subcellular compartments and the secretion of reaction intermediates and final products at the short- (cell-to-cell), medium- (tissue-to-tissue), and long-distance (organ-to-organ) levels are still poorly understood, with some limited exceptions.
  • 461
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Inflammaging of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain the lifelong production of all blood cell lineages. The functioning of aged HSCs is impaired, including a declined repopulation capacity and myeloid and platelet-restricted differentiation. Both cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental extrinsic factors contribute to HSC aging. Recent studies highlight the emerging role of inflammation in contributing to HSC aging. 
  • 460
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fibrin Glue and MSCs to Regenerate Nerve Injuries
Cell-based therapy is a promising treatment to favor tissue healing through less invasive strategies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) highlighted as potential candidates due to their angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties, in addition to their ability to differentiate into several specialized cell lines. Cells can be carried through a biological delivery system, such as fibrin glue, which acts as a temporary matrix that favors cell-matrix interactions and allows local and paracrine functions of MSCs. MSCs favored axonal regeneration, remyelination of nerve fibers, as well as promoted an increase in the number of myelinated fibers, myelin sheath thickness, number of axons and expression of growth factors, with significant improvement in motor function recovery. Fibrin glue combined with MSCs has the potential to regenerate nervous system lesions.
  • 460
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nuclei-Based Methods on Next-Generation Sequencing
Nuclei-based methods have become increasingly popular in the study of gene expression, epigenetics, and chromatin structure. To ensure the acquisition of biologically meaningful data, it is important to consider the available methodologies, future direction, and potential challenges and utilize improved designs and appropriate experimental strategies.
  • 460
  • 21 Apr 2023
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