Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
NRF2 and Key Transcriptional Targets
Melanocytes are dendritic, pigment-producing cells located in the skin and are responsible for its protection against the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which include DNA damage and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). They do so by synthesizing photoprotective melanin pigments and distributing them to adjacent skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes). However, melanocytes encounter a large burden of oxidative stress during this process, due to both exogenous and endogenous sources.To protect themselves, they utilize numerous antioxidant systems to reduce the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species present in the cell and this activity then contributes towards the prevention of cancer formation. However, after the formation of melanoma these same antioxidant systems are often coopted by the cancer in order to promote its uncontrolled growth and metastasis.
  • 334
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lysine-Specific Demethylase 2 in Cancers
Epigenetic mechanisms are known to play a key role in cancer progression. Specifically, histone methylation involves reversible post-translational modification of histones that govern chromatin structure remodelling, genomic imprinting, gene expression, DNA damage repair, and meiotic crossover recombination, among other chromatin-based activities. Demethylases are enzymes that catalyse the demethylation of their substrate using a flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidation process. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and its homolog, lysine-specific demethylase 2 (LSD2), are overexpressed in a variety of human cancer types and, thus, regulate tumour progression. 
  • 351
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Potential Causal Contributions to Post-Traumatic Syndrome
In vitro models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) help to elucidate the pathological mechanisms responsible for cell dysfunction and death.  Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and a drop in ΔΨm may cause delayed neuronal death and thus play a key role in the development of the post-traumatic syndrome. Preventing prolonged ΔΨm depolarization may be a promising therapeutic approach to improve neuronal survival after traumatic brain injury. 
  • 337
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Senescence-Associated Cell Transition and Interaction
Aging is a broad process that occurs as a time-dependent functional decline and tissue degeneration in living organisms. On a smaller scale, aging also exists within organs, tissues, and cells. As the smallest functional unit in living organisms, cells “age” by reaching senescence where proliferation stops. Such cellular senescence is achieved through replicative stress, telomere erosion and stem cell exhaustion. It has been shown that cellular senescence is key to tissue degradation and cell death in aging-related diseases (ARD). However, senescent cells constitute only a small percentage of total cells in the body, and they are resistant to death during aging. This suggests that ARD may involve interaction of senescent cells with non-senescent cells, resulting in senescence-triggered death of non-senescent somatic cells and tissue degeneration in aging organs.
  • 641
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Aging of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
In human blood and immune system, aging is characterized by a decline of innate immunity and regenerative potential of hematopoietic stem cells. This decline is defined at a molecular level in the  hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) compartment. A series of studies have demonstrated that aging of HSPC is induced by an accumulation of senescent cells in the HSPC compartment of the aging human bone marrow. Multi-omics studies have provided evidence that senescent cells are characterized by elevated central carbon metabolism. This property has rendered an enrichment of senescent HSPC for in depth mechanistic studies possible, and in addition has provided novel targets for senolysis therapy strategies. 
  • 522
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
LPA 3 Promotes Mitochondrial Homeostasis against Oxidative Stress
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a growth factor-like lipid mediator that regulates various physiological functions via activation of multiple LPA G protein-coupled receptors. Mitochondria have been suggested to be the primary origin of oxidative stress via the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and have a calcium buffering capacity for the cell. Defects in mitochondria will lead to declined antioxidant capacity and cell apoptosis. siRNA-mediated depletion of LPA3 leads to the depolarization of mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) and cellular ROS accumulation. In addition, the depletion of LPA3 enhances cisplatin-induced cytochrome C releasing. This indicates that LPA3 is essential to suppress the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. LPA3 is also shown to improve mitochondrial ADP-ATP exchange by enhancing the protein level of ANT2. On the other hand, LPA3 regulates calcium uptake from the ER to mitochondria via the IP3R1-VDAC1 channel. Moreover, activation of LPA3 by selective agonist OMPT rescues mitochondrial homeostasis of H2O2-induced oxidative stress cells and HGPS patient fibroblasts by improving mitochondrial ΔΨm and OXPHOS. 
  • 471
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Stathmins and Motor Neuron Diseases
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders with different etiology, clinical course and presentation, caused by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). MNs are highly specialized cells equipped with long, axonal processes; axonal defects are some of the main players underlying the pathogenesis of these disorders. Microtubules are key components of the neuronal cytoskeleton characterized by dynamic instability, switching between rapid polymerization and shrinkage. Proteins of the stathmin family affect microtubule dynamics regulating the assembly and the dismantling of tubulin. Stathmin-2 (STMN2) is one of the most abundantly expressed genes in MNs. Following axonal injury, STMN2 expression is upregulated, and the protein is transported toward the growth cones of regenerating axons. STMN2 has a critical role in axonal maintenance, and its dysregulation plays an important role in neurodegenerative processes. Stathmin-1 (STMN1) is a ubiquitous protein that is highly expressed during the development of the nervous system, and its phosphorylation controls microtubule dynamics.
  • 300
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Neuromuscular Junction as an Entity of Nerve-Muscle Communication
One of the crucial systems severely affected in several neuromuscular diseases is the loss of effective connection between muscle and nerve, leading to a pathological non-communication between the two tissues. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) represents the critical region at the level of which muscle and nerve communicate. Defects in signal transmission between terminal nerve endings and muscle membrane is a common feature of several physio-pathologic conditions including aging and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Nevertheless, controversy exists on whether pathological events beginning at the NMJ precede or follow loss of motor units.
  • 737
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal Muscle Cells
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a specialized form of the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, dedicated to calcium ion (Ca2+) handling, necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation.
  • 626
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nanotoxicity in Human Primary and Cancer Cells
Nanomaterial toxicity tests using normal and cancer cells may yield markedly different results. Nanomaterial toxicity between cancer and primary human cells was compared to determine the basic cell line selection criteria for nanomaterial toxicity analyses.
  • 930
  • 31 Mar 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 161
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback