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Topic Review
ROS in Cancer Progression
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in biological processes and continuous ROS production in normal cells is controlled by the appropriate regulation between the silver lining of low and high ROS concentration mediated effects. Interestingly, ROS also dynamically influences the tumor microenvironment and is known to initiate cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and survival at different concentrations. At moderate concentration, ROS activates the cancer cell survival signaling cascade involving mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), which in turn activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). At high concentrations, ROS can cause cancer cell apoptosis. Hence, it critically depends upon the ROS levels, to either augment tumorigenesis or lead to apoptosis.
  • 588
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
γδ T Cells in ARDs
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), affecting ~1–1.5% of all humans, are associated with considerable life long morbidity and early mortality. Early studies in the 1990s showed numerical changes of the recently discovered γδ T cells in the peripheral blood and in affected tissues of patients with a variety of ARDs, kindling interest in their role in the immuno-pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory conditions. Indeed, later studies applied rapid developments in the understanding of γδ T cell biology, including antigens recognized by γδ T cells, their developmental programs, states of activation, and cytokine production profiles, to analyze their contribution to the pathological immune response in these disorders.
  • 588
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Farnesoid X Receptor
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has a central role in Bile Acids (BA) homeostasis and recent publications revealed that changes in autophagy due to BA-induced reactive oxygen species and increased anti-oxidant response via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), result in dysregulation of FXR signaling. Several mechanistic studies have identified new dysfunctions of the cholestatic liver at cellular and molecular level, opening new venues for developing more performant therapies.
  • 586
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Assessing Myocardial Architecture
Myocardial architecture and cardiac function are closely linked. Hence, the anatomy of the heart and the cellular construction of the myocardium has been the focus of research for centuries. Traditionally, histology has been the method of choice, but owing to its two-dimensional nature, this technique fails to visualise the myocardial mass in its entirety. It has long been recognised that the myocardium is a highly complex three-dimensional syncytium, thus it is preferable to investigate its architecture using tools capable of representing this three-dimensionality. Such tools have been provided in the shape of diffusion tensor imaging, computed tomography, confocal microscopy and ultrasound, with diffusion tensor imaging and computed tomography being the most prevalent and valid methods for quantifying myocardial architecture in three dimensions.
  • 586
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Corneal Confocal Microscopy Imaging
In vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a non-invasive ophthalmic imaging technique that provides images of the cornea at the cellular level. The observation of the corneal cells, both normal and inflammatory, and the possibility of quantification of the corneal nerve density with manual or automated tools, makes IVCM have a significant potential to improve the diagnosis and prognosis in several systemic and corneal conditions.
  • 586
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Protein Rbm24
Rbm24 (RNA-binding motif protein 24) is an evolutionarily conserved RBP that contains a single RNA recognition motif (RRM) at its N-terminal region [13–15]. It exhibits strongly restricted tissue-specific expression patterns during vertebrate development [16], and emerges as an important regulator of cellular differentiation and a potential factor implicated in human disease. Rbm24 gene exhibits strongly conserved expression in the somites, heart, lens and otic vesicle of all vertebrate embryos. It is involved in different aspects of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA stability and polyadenylation. Knockout of this gene in mice and zebrafish causes severe developmental defects, such as heart malformations, cataract formation and hearing deficits.
  • 585
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oncogenic KRAS Mutations in Apoptosis and Autophagy Regulation
KRAS, one of the RAS protein family members, plays an important role in autophagy and apoptosis, through the regulation of several downstream effectors. In cancer cells, KRAS mutations confer the constitutive activation of this oncogene, stimulating cell proliferation, inducing autophagy, suppressing apoptosis, altering cell metabolism, changing cell motility and invasion and modulating the tumor microenvironment.
  • 584
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Lactic Acidosis’ Effect on Energy Metabolism
Lactic acidosis, a hallmark of solid tumour microenvironment, originates from lactate hyperproduction and its co-secretion with protons by cancer cells displaying the Warburg effect. Long considered a side effect of cancer metabolism, lactic acidosis is now known to play a major role in tumour physiology, aggressiveness and treatment efficiency. 
  • 584
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
PI3Ks, Targets of Cancer Therapeutics
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of enzymes responsible for phosphorylating the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol.  PI3Ks are subdivided into three classes, class I, II, and III based on their structures, functions, and tissue distribution. PI3Ks are engaged in a range of cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation differentiation, migration, survival, cell death, and intracellular trafficking. Many of these functions are related to the activity of class I PI3Ks family. Class I PI3Ks family generates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PI(3,4,5,)P3), which activates an assorted number of downstream molecules in the PI3K signaling pathway that are necessary for normal cellular growth and development. Elevated PI3K activity is considered as the hallmark of cancer, which is promoted by diverse oncogenes and growth factor receptors causing enhanced PI3K signaling. Several PI3K pathway inhibitors have been developed including pan-PI3K inhibitors and isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors. Some of the PI3K inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of various cancer types. Furthermore, to overcome drug resistance, improve efficacy, enhance synergy, and reduce toxicity, several different therapeutic approaches are being developed and some are in clinical trials. 
  • 584
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
TCTP, Cell Biology and Disease
Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is multifunctional protein expressed in essentially all eukaryotic organisms. It is a cytoprotective protein that is involved in many basic biological processes, such as cellular stress responses, growth and development. Dysregulation of TCTP occurs in various disease processes, and recently the participation of TCTP in several cancer-promoting pathways has been unveiled. Understanding the core biological functions of TCTP, the mechanisms underlying its cellular regulation and its participation in disease processes is essential for the design of effective anti-cancer strategies that may involve targeting of TCTP.  To provide a current overview of the knowledge in this area, we published a review article in Cells, which represents a detailed compilation of the recent progress in this field . Here, we give a brief overview on the core findings that are reported in this article.
  • 583
  • 27 Oct 2020
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