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Topic Review
Structural Glial–Neuronal Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Transfer
Glial–neuronal mitochondrial transfer is mediated via a number of active processes including the release of extracellular vesicles, the formation of tunnelling nanotubes, and potentially other mechanisms.
  • 626
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Organoids in Radiobiology
The majority of cancer patients will be treated with radiotherapy, either alone or together with chemotherapy and/or surgery. Optimising the balance between tumour control and the probability of normal tissue side effects is the primary goal of radiation treatment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how irradiation affects both normal and cancer tissue. Here, we discuss how organoids, three-dimensional tissue-resembling structures derived from tissue-resident, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, have a growing importance in the field of radiation biology research.
  • 624
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
LAG3
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, also known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene. LAG3, which was discovered in 1990 and was designated CD223 (cluster of differentiation 223) after the Seventh Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshop in 2000, is a cell surface molecule with diverse biologic effects on T cell function. It is an immune checkpoint receptor and as such is the target of various drug development programs by pharmaceutical companies seeking to develop new treatments for cancer and autoimmune disorders. In soluble form it is also being developed as a cancer drug in its own right.
  • 623
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Enteric Glial Cells
 At first, enteric glial cells were considered to be just a structural support for neurons, but recent findings emphasized more on their functions, and they turned out to be equally as important as neural cells, due to their involvement in all aspects of neural functions for both the central and peripheral nervous system, including the ENS.They have been mostly underestimated, particularly regarding the modulation of their functions by nutraceuticals.
  • 623
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cell-in-Cell
Presence of one or more cells (usually viable) inside a cytoplasm of another cell. Inner cell usually resides within a vacuole. Cell-in-cell structure can be developed when one cell engulf second one (in endocytic CICs) or when one cell penetrates into second one's cytoplasm (invasie CICs). There are five known distuinguishable cell-in-cell structure types: cell cannibalism, phagoptosis, enclysis, emperipolesis and entosis
  • 622
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
T(8;21) Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with multiple sub-types which are defined by different somatic mutations that cause blood cell differentiation to go astray.  One of the best-studied AML-subtypes is the t(8;21) AML which carries a translocation fusing sequences encoding the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 to the ETO gene. 
  • 621
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Amyloid Precursor Protein
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. Its primary function is not known, though it has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity, antimicrobial activity , and iron export. APP is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients.
  • 620
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Functional Roles of ISG15/ISGylation in Cancer
The protein ISG15 encoded by interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15 is the first identified member of the ubiquitin-like protein family and exists in the form of monomers and conjugated complexes. Like ubiquitin, ISG15 can mediate an ubiquitin-like modification by covalently modifying other proteins, known as ISGylation. There is growing evidence showing that both the free and conjugated ISG15 are involved in multiple key cellular processes, including autophagy, exosome secretion, DNA repair, immune regulation, and cancer occurrence and progression.
  • 620
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Gamma
Protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPRG) is an enzyme that remove phosphate groups from phosphotyrosine residues of specific intracellular targets. It belongs to the tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family of proteins and it is widely expressed in human tissues. 
  • 619
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cristae Dynamics
Recent studies using fluorescence super-resolution (SR) microscopy techniques showed unexpected fast movement of cristae and CJs, collectively termed as cristae dynamics. Cristae undergo continuous cycles of membrane remodelling often assisted by the dynamics of CJs in a MICOS-dependent manner, which led to the proposal of the ‘Cristae Fission and Fusion’ (CriFF) model. The field of cristae dynamics is still in infancy, future experiments could provide better insights about the consequences of the reduced cristae or CJ dynamics in the knockouts (KOs) of the MICOS subunits and their relevance in many pathologies associated with the MICOS complex.
  • 617
  • 27 Jul 2021
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