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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
P2X Receptor-Dependent Modulation
P2X receptors (P2XRs) are membrane ligand-gated ion channels and are members of the purinergic receptor family. Of the seven P2XR family members, only four of them (P2X1, P2X4, P2X6 and P2X7) have been shown to be expressed in MCs, with each of them playing an important role in regulating MC activities, such as Ca+ influx and degranulation. P2XRs are also present in neurons and glial cells, where their engagement may affect the development of neuroinflammatory pathologies such as the Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS).
373
14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in COVID-19
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells present in virtually all tissues; they have a potent self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into multiple cell types. They also affect the ambient tissue by the paracrine secretion of numerous factors in vivo, including the induction of other stem cells’ differentiation. In vitro, the culture media supernatant is named secretome and contains soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles that retain potent biological function in tissue regeneration.
487
14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dorsal Root Injury
Dorsal root injury results in regional loss of sensorimotor function, and often severe neuropathic pain. Studying pathophysiological mechanisms of dorsal root injury and the development of novel treatments for this condition may contribute to therapeutic progress also for direct injuries to the spinal cord.
5.2K
13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cell-in-Cell
Presence of one or more cells (usually viable) inside a cytoplasm of another cell. Inner cell usually resides within a vacuole. Cell-in-cell structure can be developed when one cell engulf second one (in endocytic CICs) or when one cell penetrates into second one's cytoplasm (invasie CICs). There are five known distuinguishable cell-in-cell structure types: cell cannibalism, phagoptosis, enclysis, emperipolesis and entosis
698
13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Farnesoid X Receptor
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has a central role in Bile Acids (BA) homeostasis and recent publications revealed that changes in autophagy due to BA-induced reactive oxygen species and increased anti-oxidant response via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), result in dysregulation of FXR signaling. Several mechanistic studies have identified new dysfunctions of the cholestatic liver at cellular and molecular level, opening new venues for developing more performant therapies.
649
12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
EBV Positive B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma herpes virus that infects the majority of the world population. EBV induces B-cell transformation, and disruption of a finely balanced relationship between the virus and host immune system can lead to EBV+B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (B-LPDs), which represent a wide and expanding clinicopathological spectrum ranging from indolent and self-limited disease to aggressive lymphoma.
466
12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Implications for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a type of cancer that arises in the exocrine glands of the pancreas and comprises over 90% of pancreatic malignancies. Currently the 11th most common cancer worldwide, PDAC is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths and is on track to move to second place by 2030. Despite the high prevalence, therapeutic options remain limited, with only modest improvements in overall survival (OS) occurring over the past 50 years.
541
12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ionic Salt Signals
The strong impact that ionic signaling exerts on the immune system is not restricted to T cells. Cellular players from both the innate and adaptive immune compartments are likewise exposed to differential concentrations of ionic signals in the tissue microenvironment. While several pathways have been shown to be conserved across cell types, others will be more cell type specific, leaving room for additional salt effects to be observed in the future.
428
12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cyclic AMP in Cholangiocarcinoma
cAMP was first discovered in 1958 and introduced the concept of a “second messenger” system. In fact, this molecule, together with cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), has been identified as an important intracellular translator of membrane signaling originating from hormones, growth factors, cytokines and other molecules. In the general transduction mechanism, the stimulated receptor activates the corresponding G-coupled protein, leading to increased adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP synthesis.
810
12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Liver Fibrosis in HIV-Infected Individuals
Liver fibrosis (LF) is a common problem in HIV-infected individuals. Among all used drugs in anti-retroviral treatment (ART), "first-generation" NRTIs carry the greater risk for LF, with integrase strand transfer and entry inhibitors showing minimal risk. Overall most ART drugs are safe and do not seem to cause liver fibrosis when no other live comorbidities co-exist
601
12 Oct 2021
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