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Topic Review
Phytochemicals Modulate lncRNAs and Carbonic Anhydrases in Cancer
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as a group of transcripts that regulate various biological processes, such as RNA processing, epigenetic control, and signaling pathways. According to recent studies, lncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play an important role in cancer incidence and spreading. There is also an association between lncRNAs and the overexpression of some tumor-associated proteins, including carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII (CA II, CA IX, and CA XII). Therefore, not only CA inhibition but also lncRNA modulation, could represent an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Experimental studies have suggested that herbal compounds regulate the expression of many lncRNAs involved in cancer, such as HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA), H19, MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), PCGEM1 (Prostate cancer gene expression marker 1), PVT1, etc. These plant-derived drugs or phytochemicals include resveratrol, curcumin, genistein, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-galate, camptothecin, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. More comprehensive information about lncRNA modulation via phytochemicals would be helpful for the administration of new herbal derivatives in cancer therapy.
  • 439
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MyD88 in Macrophages and Liver Fibrosis
MyD88 is a dependent pathway for all TLRs to activate the NF-kB inflammation pathway. Activation of MyD88 pathway has been reported in hepatic fibrotic diseases. MyD88 deficiency significantly reduces liver fibrosis and decreases eosinophil percentage in vivo . Targeted deletion of B-cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling resulted in reduced infiltration of migratory CD11c+ dendritic cells and Ly6C+ monocytes and hence reduced liver fibrosis . In addition, inhibition of MyD88 led to the inhibition of HSC activation in vitro .
  • 420
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Effect of H. sabdariffa Extract on Obesity
H. sabdariffa derived bioactive compounds are potent in the treatment of obesity with an evident reduction in body weight, inhibition of lipid accumulation and suppression of adipogenesis through the PPARγ pathway and other transcriptional factors. 
  • 396
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy and Inflammatory Pathways in Macrophages
Autophagy as a conserved bulk degradation and recycling process, performs specific roles in macrophage to regulate innate immune response. This review focuses on the role of autophagy, both as nonselective and selective forms, in the regulation of the inflammatory and phagocytotic functions of macrophages. Specifically, the roles of autophagy in pattern recognition, cytokine release, inflammasome activation, macrophage polarization, LC3-associated phagocytosis, and xenophagy are comprehensively reviewed.
  • 790
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hyaluronan
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of the ECM that consists of repeated disaccharide units of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid. HA is synthesized as a high molecular weight molecule but is degraded into heterogeneous fragments by hyaluronidases and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. The biological activity of HA depends on its molecular weight. HA fragments stimulate tissue inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, high molecular weight HA suppresses these processes and maintains tissue homeostasis. This functional duality is particularly important during wound repair where HA sequentially promotes then suppresses inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, in tumors, HA effects are often co-opted to increase growth and invasion.  
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Rabbit Melanocytes
Melanogenesis is a complex process of the synthesis and storage of melanin initiated by tyrosinase, which is synthesized by melanocytes, after it enters the melanosomes. Melanogenesis plays an important role in the formation of different coat colors in mammals. There are two distinct types of melanin pigments: eumelanin and pheomelanin, the proportions of which determine the coat color of the animal.
  • 722
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols (T3s), members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in various food sources and exist as four naturally occurring analogues known as alpha (α), beta (β), delta (δ), and gamma (γ).
  • 537
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Fibrinolytic Regulators in Systemic Sclerosis
The regulators of fibrinolysis contain plasminogen (Plg) a proenzyme, which is converted to the active serine protease plasmin, a main component of the fibrinolytic system, through the action of a tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR).
  • 328
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Intratumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related death, but it remains difficult to treat. Intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are inherent properties of breast, skin, lung, prostate, and brain tumors, and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) helps define prognosis and therapeutic response in these cancers. Several recent studies estimate that ITH is inherent to HCC and attribute the clinical intractability of HCC to this heterogeneity.
  • 483
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Clock Response to Intermittent Hypoxia is Tissue-Dependent
The circadian clock is a biological clock that regulates processes in cells and whole organs, contributing to dynamic physiology over the 24 hour period. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is defined as alternating periods of hypoxia and normoxia. It is associated with multiple respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  • 790
  • 24 Nov 2021
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