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Topic Review
Secretory Immunoglobulin A Immunity in COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) are distinct respiratory diseases that share features such as the obstruction of small airways and disease flare-ups that are called exacerbations and are often caused by infections. Along the airway epithelium, immunoglobulin (Ig) A contributes to first line mucosal protection against inhaled particles and pathogens. Dimeric IgA produced by mucosal plasma cells is transported towards the apical pole of airway epithelial cells by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), where it is released as secretory IgA. Secretory IgA mediates immune exclusion and promotes the clearance of pathogens from the airway surface by inhibiting their adherence to the epithelium. 
  • 457
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Secretory Autophagy Forges Therapy Resistant Microenvironment in Melanoma
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex of many cell types and extracellular matrix that play an active role in regulating and sustaining melanoma tumor progression. The secretion of several molecules, by secretory autophagy or exosome release, stimulates the intercellular communication between the different components of the TME modulating tumor response.
  • 513
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) encodes one of the eight known SFRP family members. This 3873 base pair coding gene is localized on chromosome 8p11, from nucleotide 41,261,957 to 41,309,473.
  • 374
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Sec61
The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex of the ER membrane represents the major entry point for precursor polypeptides into the membrane or lumen of the ER. It forms a polypeptide-conducting channel, who's gating (i.e. opening and closing) involves various interactions partners. Mutations in the genes, which are coding for the Sec61 subunits or their interaction partners, can cause diseases (termed Sec61-channelopathies).
  • 740
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Scribble Polarity Module in Neuroblasts
The Scribble polarity module is composed by Scribble (Scrib), Discs large 1 (Dlg1) and Lethal (2) giant larvae (L(2)gl), a group of highly conserved neoplastic tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) from flies to humans. Even though the Scribble module has been profusely studied in epithelial cell polarity, the number of tissues and processes in which it is involved is increasingly growing. Here we discuss the role of the Scribble module in the asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs), as well as the underlying mechanisms by which those TSGs act in this process. Finally, we also describe what we know about the consequences of mutating these genes in impairing the process of asymmetric NB division and promoting tumor-like overgrowth.
  • 913
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Schwann Cells in Regeneration Selectivity
Peripheral nerve injuries result in the loss of the motor, sensory and autonomic functions of the denervated segments of the body. Neurons can regenerate their injured axons and eventually reinnervate their target organs, but inaccuracy of this reinnervation causes a permanent loss of function that impairs complete recovery. Thus, understanding how regenerating axons respond to their environment and direct their growth is essential to improve the functional outcome of patients with nerve lesions. Schwann cells (SCs), the glial cells of the peripheral nerves, play a crucial role in the regeneration process, but little is known about their contribution to specific reinnervation.
  • 939
  • 28 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Schlafens in Cancer Cell Biology
Schlafens (SLFN) are a family of genes widely expressed in mammals, including humans and rodents. These intriguing proteins play different roles in regulating cell proliferation, cell differentiation, immune cell growth and maturation, and inhibiting viral replication. The emerging evidence is implicating Schlafens in cancer biology and chemosensitivity. Although Schlafens share common domains and a high degree of homology, different Schlafens act differently. In particular, they show specific and occasionally opposing effects in some cancer types. 
  • 559
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Satellite Non-Coding Transcription as a Response Mechanism
Organisms are often subjected to conditions that promote cellular stress. Cell responses to stress include the activation of pathways to defend against and recover from the stress, or the initiation of programmed cell death to eliminate the damaged cells. One of the processes that can be triggered under stress is the transcription and variation in the number of copies of satellite DNA sequences (satDNA), which are involved in response mechanisms. Satellite DNAs are highly repetitive tandem sequences, mainly located in the centromeric and pericentromeric regions of eukaryotic chromosomes, where they form the constitutive heterochromatin. Satellite non-coding RNAs (satncRNAs) are important regulators of cell processes, and their deregulation has been associated with disease.
  • 107
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
The article by Suresh & Suzuki (2021) describes the finding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein affecting human lung vascular cells and explains how the spike protein possibly increases the incidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Since the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein will be administered to millions of people as vaccines, it is critical to understand the effects of this protein on human cells to ensure that it does not promote long-term adverse health consequences.
  • 650
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sarcopenia Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of sarcopenia has multifactorial causes. Some cellular and molecular mechanisms have been suggested to be involved that include protein homeostasis imbalance, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and satellite cell dysfunction. These factors do not independently cause sarcopenia but interact with each other to cause sarcopenia.
  • 200
  • 19 Sep 2023
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