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Topic Review
The ROR Pathway
The WNT pathway is one of the major signaling cascades frequently deregulated in human cancer. Binding of WNT ligands to their respective receptors can trigger various downstream signaling cascades centered around cell proliferation, survival or migration. In particular, WNT signaling via the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors (RORs) has gained increasing attention in cancer research due to their overexpression in a multitude of tumor entities.
  • 911
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Polyploidy in the Human Body
Somatic polyploidy was found in the tissues of all multicellular organisms (including algae, mosses, lichens, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates), which points to its adaptive value. In human and warm-blooded animals, polyploidy can be a part of normal postnatal morphogenetic programs and can be a manifestation of response to pathological stimuli and diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Role of LncRNA in Kidney Disease
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a large, heterogeneous class of transcripts and key regulators of gene expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in different cellular contexts and biological processes. LncRNAs plays an important role in renal pathogenesis. Altered expression of lncRNAs has been increasingly closely related to the onset and development of many diseases due to their role in gene regulation processes at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, post-translational, and epigenetic levels. Therefore, increasing attention is being paid to their role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several human diseases. Regarding kidney diseases, there are numerous studies that have analyzed and demonstrated the role of lncRNAs mainly in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and acute kidney injury (AKI), and to a lesser extent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGs), and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN).
  • 268
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Role of GRP78 in Cancer Stemness
Cancer stemness is proposed to be the main cause of metastasis and tumor relapse after conventional therapy due to the main properties of cancer stem cells. These include unlimited self-renewal, the low percentage in a cell population, asymmetric/symmetric cell division, and the hypothetical different nature for absorbing external substances. As the mechanism of how cancer stemness is maintained remains unknown, further investigation into the basic features of cancer stemness is required. Many articles demonstrated that glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) plays a key role in cancer stemness, suggesting that this molecule is feasible for targeting cancer stem cells.
  • 363
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Formins in Wound Repair
The restoration of an intact epidermal barrier after wound injury is the culmination of a highly complex and exquisitely regulated physiological process involving multiple cells and tissues, overlapping dynamic events and protein synthesis and regulation. Central to this process is the cytoskeleton, a system of intracellular proteins that are instrumental in regulating important processes involved in wound repair including chemotaxis, cytokinesis, proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. One highly conserved family of cytoskeletal proteins that are emerging as major regulators of actin and microtubule nucleation, polymerization, and stabilization are the formins. The formin family includes 15 different proteins categorized into seven subfamilies based on three formin homology domains (FH1, FH2, and FH3). The formins themselves are regulated in different ways including autoinhibition, activation, and localization by a range of proteins, including Rho GTPases
  • 373
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Role of ABC Transporters
ABC transporters are a large family of membrane proteins that transport chemically diverse substrates through the lipid bilayer of cell plasma membranes while accompanied by ATP hydrolysis [47,48]. Currently, 49 different genes encoding ABC transporters are known in humans, which, based on the structural features, are divided into seven subfamilies, designated ABCA–ABCG .
  • 428
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Proteasome Activator PA200/PSME4
Proteasomes comprise a family of proteasomal complexes essential for maintaining protein homeostasis. Accordingly, proteasomes represent promising therapeutic targets in multiple human diseases. Several proteasome inhibitors are approved for treating hematological cancers. Their side effects impede their efficacy and broader therapeutic applications. Therefore, understanding the biology of the different proteasome complexes present in the cell is crucial for developing tailor-made inhibitors against specific proteasome complexes. 
  • 401
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Potential of Probiotics
Probiotics, by definition, are live microorganisms, and should remain viable when they reach the intended site of action, which is typically the cecum and/or the colon.
  • 476
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Passage of H2O2 during Retrograde Signalling
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), generated during photosynthesis, is proposed to both initiate and transduce a retrograde signal in response to photoinhibitory light intensities.
  • 366
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Oxytocin System in the Brain
Research on oxytocin (OT) was pioneered in the 1920s by German anatomist Ernst Scharrer, after he identified unusual, large-shaped “glandule-like” cells in the hypothalamus of fish. A full anatomical, morphological and functional assessment would follow in the next 50 years, complemented by the Nobel-prize awarded for the synthesis of OT to Vincent du Vigneaud in 1955.
  • 567
  • 09 Dec 2022
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