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Topic Review
Amyloid Beta Oligomers
Amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers are the most neurotoxic aggregates causing neuronal death and cognitive damage. A detailed elucidation of the aggregation pathways from oligomers to fibril formation is crucial to develop therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review mainly focused on future perspective of Aβ peptide research using computer simulations.
  • 502
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Amyloid Oligomers
Amyloid oligomers are considered to be potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies for a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. However, due to the low-populated, transient, and heterogeneous nature of amyloid oligomers, they are hard to characterize by conventional bulk methods. The development of single molecule approaches provides a powerful toolkit for investigating these oligomeric intermediates as well as the complex process of amyloid aggregation at molecular resolution.
  • 394
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Amyloid Pathologies
Protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils affects many proteins in a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Physicochemically, amyloid formation is a phase transition process, where soluble proteins are transformed into solid fibrils with the characteristic cross-β conformation responsible for their fibrillar morphology.
  • 379
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Application of Monolayer Graphene
Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) has become a routine technology for resolving the structure of biological macromolecules due to the resolution revolution in recent years. The specimens are typically prepared in a very thin layer of vitrified ice suspending in the holes of the perforated amorphous carbon film. However, the samples prepared by directly applying to the conventional support membranes may suffer from partial or complete denaturation caused by sticking to the air-water-interface (AWI). With the application in materials, graphene has also been used recently to improve frozen sample preparation instead of a suspended conventional amorphous thin carbon. It has been proved that graphene or graphene oxide and various chemical modifications on its surface can effectively prevent particles from adsorbing to the AWI, which improves the dispersion, adsorbed number, and orientation preference of frozen particles in the ice layer. Their excellent properties and thinner thickness can significantly reduce the background noise, allowing high-resolution three-dimensional reconstructions using a minimum data set.
  • 598
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Protein Study
Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations is increasingly used as a powerful tool to study protein structure-related questions. Starting from the early simulation study on the photoisomerization in rhodopsin in 1976, MD Simulations has been used to study protein function, protein stability, protein–protein interaction, enzymatic reactions and drug–protein interactions, and membrane proteins.
  • 715
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Strain-Amplification Techniques with α-Synuclein
α-Synuclein (αS) is remarkable for both its extensive conformational plasticity and pathologic prion-like properties. A fundamental understanding of αS’ conformational properties has been translated to the development of strain amplification technologies, which have provided further insight into the role of specific strains in distinct α-synucleinopathies, and show promise for the early diagnosis of disease. Strain amplification assays, protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), are powerful emerging techniques that can detect misfolded αS to diagnose and differentiate synucleinopathies.
  • 497
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Approaches of Studying Lysosomal Ion Channels and Transporters
Lysosomes are acidic organelles, pH of about 4.6, considered as the digestive system of the animal cell. They act as the major compartment for detoxification of both the outer and the inner content of the cell. In fact, lysosomes represent the key players in degradation, recycling, autophagy, cell death, cell proliferation, cell defence, immunity–autoimmunity processes and therefore in maintenance of cellular homeostasis.  A distinct set of channels and transporters regulates the ion fluxes across the lysosomal membrane. Malfunctioning of these transport proteins and the resulting ionic imbalance is involved in various human diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders, cancer, as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. As a consequence, these proteins have stimulated strong interest for their suitability as possible drug targets.
  • 457
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aquaporin-1 Facilitates Transmesothelial Water Permeability
Mesothelial cells in human peritoneum express the water channel aquaporin 1 (AQP1) at the plasma membrane, suggesting that, although in a non-physiological context, it may facilitate osmotic water exchange during peritoneal dialysis (PD).
  • 537
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Natriuretic Peptide Active Domain
Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) are hormones that have been extracted from many different species, with the Arabidopsis thaliana PNP (AtPNP-A) being the most studied among them. AtPNP-A is a signaling molecule that consists of 130 residues and is secreted into the apoplast, under conditions of biotic or abiotic stress. AtPNP-A has distant sequence homology with human ANP, a protein that forms amyloid fibrils in vivo.
  • 352
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Biological Sciences
Artificial intelligence (AI), currently a cutting-edge concept, has the potential to improve the quality of life of human beings. The fields of AI and biological research are becoming more intertwined, and methods for extracting and applying the information stored in live organisms are constantly being refined. As the field of AI matures with more trained algorithms, the potential of its application in epidemiology, the study of host–pathogen interactions and drug designing widens. AI is now being applied in several fields of drug discovery, customized medicine, gene editing, radiography, image processing and medication management. More precise diagnosis and cost-effective treatment will be possible in the near future due to the application of AI-based technologies. In the field of agriculture, farmers have reduced waste, increased output and decreased the amount of time it takes to bring their goods to market due to the application of advanced AI-based approaches. Moreover, with the use of AI through machine learning (ML) and deep-learning-based smart programs, one can modify the metabolic pathways of living systems to obtain the best possible outputs with the minimal inputs. Such efforts can improve the industrial strains of microbial species to maximize the yield in the bio-based industrial setup. 
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Oct 2022
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