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Topic Review
Squaraine-Based Fluorescent Materials
Squaraine dyes (SQs) are a peculiar class of cyanine dyes. One of the biggest structure differences between SQs and other types of cyanine dyes is that SQs contain an electron-deficient square ring at the center of the polymethine chain, leading to a quadrupolar donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structure with a unique resonance-stabilized zwitterionic feature, as shown ina. In addition, the central square ring can make the polymethine chain rigid and planar to resist the photoisomerization and oxidation, and thus SQs intrinsically exhibit a greater stability over other cyanines.
  • 389
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Sputtering of LiCoO2 Thin Films
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode has been widely applied in 3C products (computer, communication, and consumer), and LCO films are the most promising cathode materials for thin-film lithium batteries (TFBs) due to their high volumetric energy density and favorable durability. Magnetron sputtering deposition technology realizes the merits of high speed, low temperature, and low toxicity. The magnetron sputtering technology perfectly fits the microelectronics, micro-memory, and other micro-devices in the field of low energy demand, and has even gradually been expanded to flexible devices and implantable medical devices. Therefore, magnetron sputtering has become the most common method for making LCO thin-film electrodes. 
  • 531
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Spray Drying for Oils Encapsulation
This is a entry focused on the application of spray drying technology for the edible oils encapsulation. This entry covered most of the relevant works have done recently on the encapsulation of oils by spray drying. The factors affecting the process of encapsulation and the application in food with the properties of the final product.The application of the spray drying technique in the food industry for the production of a broad range of ingredients has become highly desirable compared to other drying techniques. Recently, the spray drying technique has been applied extensively for the production of functional foods, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Encapsulation using spray drying is highly preferred due to economic advantages compared to other encapsulation methods. Encapsulation of oils using the spray drying technique is carried out in order to enhance the handling properties of the products and to improve oxidation stability by protecting the bioactive compounds. Encapsulation of oils involves several parameters—including inlet and outlet temperatures, total solids, and the type of wall materials—that significantly affect the quality of final product.
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
SPR Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors
This work compiles recent advancements on the discovery of SARS-CoV2 inhibitors by SPR analysis. One of the major benefits of SPR biosensing is the possibility of easily investigating molecular interactions. Owing to this quality, SPR biosensor technology has become a first-line tool for analyzing the binding properties of potential drug candidates against COVID-19. Overall, SPR biosensors seem to offer a single methodology for attaining full kinetic profiles while providing the screening of fragment libraries and the validation of fragment hits.
  • 450
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
SPR and LSPR-based virus sensors
SPR and LSPR-based virus sensors amplify the signal response of samples at extremely low concentrations, which is otherwise difficult to read and analyze using conventional methods. Commercially available virus detection systems, except PCR, are easy to use and can process multiple samples but have considerable sensitivity limitations, resulting in false negatives. The detection methods based on SPR and LSPR require only virus capturing at the sensor site, rendering the methods simple and highly sensitive.
  • 621
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Spirulina for Skin Care
Spirulina stands out as a sustainable bioactive microalga with health-promoting properties, and an important active ingredient of natural cosmetics products. 
  • 2.8K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Spirocyclic Motifs in Natural Products
Natural products play the central role in drug discovery due to their inherent biological activity and because have a wide span of structural diversity. Spirocyclic compounds have also occupied a special place in medicinal chemistry. Spirocycles are thought to possess a good balance of conformational rigidity and flexibility to be, on one hand, free from absorption and permeability issues characteristic of conformationally more flexible, linear scaffolds. On the other hand, spirocycles are more conformationally flexible compared to, for example, flat aromatic heterocycles and can adapt to many proteins as biological targets; thus, increasing the chances of finding bioactive hits. Spirocycles are distinctly three-dimensional and initial hits can be further optimized via manipulation of the molecular periphery whose three-dimensional positioning is well defined. 
  • 519
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Spiro-Flavonoids in Nature
The research collects 65 unique structures, including spiro-biflavonoids, spiro-triflavonoids, spiro-tetraflavonoids, spiro-flavostilbenoids, and scillascillin-type homoisoflavonoids. Scillascillin-type homoisoflavonoids comprise spiro[bicyclo[4.2.0]octane-7,3′-chromane]-1(6),2,4-trien-4′-one, while the other spiro-flavonoids contain either 2H,2′H-3,3′-spirobi[benzofuran]-2-one or 2′H,3H-2,3′-spirobi[benzofuran]-3-one in the core of their structures. Spiro-flavonoids have been described in more than 40 species of eight families, including Asparagaceae, Cistaceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Pinaceae, Thymelaeaceae, and Vitaceae. The possible biosynthetic pathways for each group of spiro-flavonoids are summarized in detail. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities are the most important biological activities of spiro-flavonoids, both in vitro and in vivo.
  • 280
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Spins in Semiconductor Nanoparticles
- Spin-dependent phenomena in semiconductors are analyzed starting from a theory of the dynamic nuclear polarization via numerous insightful findings in the realm of characterization and control through the nuclear spin polarization in nanoparticles and their aggregates into microparticles as potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications.  - Electron spin-dependent process of the photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen in porous silicon (Si) for photodynamic therapy application and design of Si-based nanoparticles with electron spin centers for MRI contrasting for cancer theranostics are discussed.  
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Spinning of Biopolymer Fibers
Increasing interest in bio-based polymers and fibers has led to the development of several alternatives to conventional plastics and fibers made of these materials. Biopolymer fibers can be made from renewable, environmentally friendly resources and can be fully biodegradable. Biogenic resources with a high content of carbohydrates such as starch-containing plants have huge potentials to substitute conventional synthetic plastics in a number of applications. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 May 2021
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