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Topic Review
Basic Principles of Microwave and Ultrasound Treatments
In the context of biorefinery and bioeconomy, lignocellulosic biomass is increasingly used to produce biofuels, biochemicals and other value-added products. Microwaves and ultrasound are emerging techniques that enable efficient and environmentally sustainable routes in the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass. 
  • 438
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Basis Set
A basis set in theoretical and computational chemistry is a set of functions (called basis functions) that is used to represent the electronic wave function in the Hartree–Fock method or density-functional theory in order to turn the partial differential equations of the model into algebraic equations suitable for efficient implementation on a computer. The use of basis sets is equivalent to the use of an approximate resolution of the identity: the orbitals [math]\displaystyle{ |\psi_i\rangle }[/math] are expanded within the basis set as a linear combination of the basis functions [math]\displaystyle{ |\psi_i\rangle \approx \sum_\mu c_{\mu i} |\mu\rangle }[/math], where the expansion coefficients [math]\displaystyle{ c_{\mu i} }[/math] are given by [math]\displaystyle{ c_{\mu i} = \sum_{\nu} \langle \mu|\nu \rangle^{-1} \langle \nu |\psi_i \rangle }[/math]. The basis set can either be composed of atomic orbitals (yielding the linear combination of atomic orbitals approach), which is the usual choice within the quantum chemistry community; plane waves which are typically used within the solid state community, or real-space approaches. Several types of atomic orbitals can be used: Gaussian-type orbitals, Slater-type orbitals, or numerical atomic orbitals. Out of the three, Gaussian-type orbitals are by far the most often used, as they allow efficient implementations of Post-Hartree–Fock methods.
  • 788
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bast-Fibre-Reinforced Hybrid Composites
Bast hybrid composites can be utilised in different applications, opening new platforms for developing novel products that compete with traditional hybrid composites. Various polymeric materials and processing techniques have been used to manufacture bast hybrid composites with attractive properties, such as renewability, low density, and cost-effectiveness. In most cases, the fibres were chemically modified in order to improve their adhesion with the host polymeric materials. 
  • 249
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Battery Specifications
Batteries are the heart and the bottleneck of portable electronic systems. They power electronics and determine the system run time, with the size and volume determining factors in their design and implementation. Understanding the material properties of the battery components—anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator—and their interaction is necessary to establish selection criteria based on their correlations with the battery metrics: capacity, current density, and cycle life. 
  • 4.9K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Bee-Products in Male Reproductive Impairment
Bee products are sources of functional food that have been used in complementary medicine to treat a variety of acute and chronic illnesses in many parts of the world. The products vary from location to location as well as country to country. 
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Beeswax
Beeswax is one of the natural waxes that have been used as a support ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Although it has well-known healing properties, it remains a secondary and poorly valued product, particularly in South American countries' apiarian production. In Latin America, for example, the apiarian activity can be traced back to stingless bees in pre-Columbian times. Then, with the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century, honey bees (Apis mellifera iberian and A. m. mellifera) were introduced, which were joined afterward by other breeds such as A. m. ligustica and A. m. scutellata. Over the years, honey has been the main product from the apiarian farmers, being beeswax a secondary product, mainly used for the regular renewal procedure of the hives. Nowadays, beeswax's cosmetic and pharmaceutical use is found at the level of small laboratories and small businesses.
  • 4.9K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Benchmarking Data Sets
Developing realistic data sets for evaluating virtual screening methods is a task that has been tackled by the cheminformatics community for many years. Numerous artificially constructed data collections were developed, such as DUD, DUD-E, or DEKOIS. However, they all suffer from multiple drawbacks, one of which is the absence of experimental results confirming the impotence of presumably inactive molecules, leading to possible false negatives in the ligand sets. In light of this problem, the PubChem BioAssay database, an open-access repository providing the bioactivity information of compounds that were already tested on a biological target, is now a recommended source for data set construction. Nevertheless, there exist several issues with the use of such data that need to be properly addressed. In this article, an overview of benchmarking data collections built upon experimental PubChem BioAssay input is provided, along with a thorough discussion of noteworthy issues that one must consider during the design of new ligand sets from this database. The points raised in this review are expected to guide future developments in this regard, in hopes of offering better evaluation tools for novel in silico screening procedures.
  • 893
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Benefits of Chemical Desalination
The ideal chemical desalination approach is undertaken (i) without specialist training, (ii) on a typical agricultural holding (1 to 100 ha−1), and (iii) using existing water tanks and/or impoundments. It reduces the overall feed water required to produce x m3 of water (relative to reverse osmosis). It produces minimal or no waste products that require disposal.
  • 360
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Benzil
Benzil (BZ) can be converted almost quantitatively to benzoyl peroxide (BP) in aerated polymer films upon irradiation at >400 nm (i.e., the long-wavelength edge of the n→π* absorption band of BZ, where BP does not absorb).
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Benzimidazole
Benzimidazole is an important heterocyclic fragment, present in many biologically active compounds with a great variety of therapeutic purposes. Most of the benzimidazole activities are explained through the existence of 1,3-tautomeric equilibrium. As the binding affinity of each tautomer to a protein target depends on an established bioactive conformation, the effect of tautomers on the ligand protein binding mechanism is determinant.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
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