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Topic Review
Visible-Light-Promoted Carbonylation Reactions
The abundant and inexpensive carbon monoxide (CO) is widely exploited as a C1 source for the synthesis of both fine and bulk chemicals. In this context, photochemical carbonylation reactions have emerged as a powerful tool for the sustainable synthesis of carbonyl-containing compounds (esters, amides, ketones, etc.).
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Azeotropes for Waste Recovery
Aiming for more sustainable chemical production requires an urgent shift towards synthetic approaches designed for waste minimization. In this context the use of azeotropes can be an effective tool for “recycling” and minimizing the large volumes of solvents, especially in aqueous mixtures, used. This review discusses the implementation of different kinds of azeotropic mixtures in relation to the environmental and economic benefits linked to their recovery and re-use. Examples of the use of azeotropes playing a role in the process performance and in the purification steps maximizing yields while minimizing waste. 
  • 679
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Anticancer Targeted Drug Delivery Nanotechnology
The construction of nanosized drug delivery systems possesses tremendous potential due to their ability to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and to reduce metabolism by dissolving them in their hydrophobic or hydrophilic compartment. In addition, nanomedicine holds the advantages of passive targeting ability due to an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, a large surface-to-volume ratio for drug loading, a tunable size for modification, a prolonged plasma half-life and a different biodistribution profile compared to conventional chemotherapy. Typical nano-based delivery vehicles include liposome, micelle, dendrimer, inorganic vector, nanogel and nanoemulsion, while novel nanocarriers also contain biomimetic reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL), exosome and the hybrid nanoparticle, which come from the mixture of nanomaterials. Each of these nanotools displays its unique physiochemical properties and possesses the ability for further modification of active targeting ligands.
  • 846
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Quaternized Chitosan
The natural polymer chitosan is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after chitin and has been extensively explored for preparation of versatile drug delivery systems. The presence of two distinct reactive functional groups (an amino group at C2, and a primary and secondary hydroxyl group at C3 and C6) of chitosan are involved in the transformation of expedient derivatives such as acylated, alkylated, carboxylated, quaternized and esterified chitosan. Amongst these, quaternized chitosan is preferred in pharmaceutical industries owing to its prominent features including superior water solubility, augmented antimicrobial actions, modified wound healing, pH-sensitive targeting, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. It has been explored in a large realm of pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and the biomedical arena. Immense classy drug delivery systems containing quaternized chitosan have been intended for tissue engineering, wound healing, gene, and vaccine delivery. 
  • 877
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle (NP)-Based Delivery Systems
Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery systems can be designed to take advantage of the aberrant vasculature, or an acidic or hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), to induce the release of therapeutic drugs directly in the TME, reducing off-target side effects. In the last twenty years, the discovery of novel biomaterials has dramatically impacted on the field of nanobiotechnology, such as, for example, the addition of novel stimuli-responsive polymers, which can be used to develop advanced nanostructures with the ability to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of many drugs used in oncology.
  • 558
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Functionalized Chitosan Nanomaterials
Quorum sensing (QS) is the mechanism by which the microbial colonies in a biofilm modulate and intercept communication without direct interaction. Hence, the eradication of biofilms through hindering this communication will lead to the successful management of drug resistance and may be a novel target for antimicrobial chemotherapy. Chitosan shows microbicidal activities by acting electrostatically with its positively charged amino groups, which interact with anionic moieties on microbial species, causing enhanced membrane permeability and eventual cell death. Therefore, nanoparticles (NPs) prepared with chitosan possess a positive surface charge and mucoadhesive properties that can adhere to microbial mucus membranes and release their drug load in a constant release manner. As the success in therapeutics depends on the targeted delivery of drugs, chitosan nanomaterial, which displays low toxicity, can be safely used for eradicating a biofilm through attenuating the quorum sensing (QS).
  • 514
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pyrazino[1,2-a]Indoles
The pyrazino[1,2-a]indole unit is a tricyclic aromatic nucleus combining an indole and a pyrazine linked by the N5 and C9a atoms. The Synthesis and Biological Activities of Pyrazino[1,2-a]Indole and Pyrazino[1,2-a]Indol-1-One Derivatives is presented.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Diets
Nutrition and rehabilitation are crucial in post-stroke recovery, especially in the elderly. Since stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability, there is a need to promote special, individually tailored nutrition strategies targeting older patients with low motor ability. Chronic stroke survivors have higher risk of developing nutrition-related chronic diseases, such as sarcopenia, anemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis.
  • 581
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Adsorption in Metal–Organic Frameworks
The development of hydrogen technologies and a wider use of hydrogen fuel cell systems require new materials that can store large amounts of hydrogen at relatively low pressures with small volume, low weight, and fast kinetics for recharging. Among the most challenging materials for hydrogen storage are porous coordination polymers, also called metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are two- or three-dimensional porous crystalline materials with infinite lattices. As a result of their ultra-high surface area values (more than 2500 m2·g–1 measured by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) approach), they were found to be promising gas adsorbers for small gaseous molecules, including CH4, CHCl3, CCl4, C6H6, C6H12, CO2, Ar, N2, and H2. The main benefit of MOFs is their reversible and high-rate hydrogen adsorption process. A reasonable number of H2 molecules inside the body of MOFs may only be obtained at very low temperatures. To date, MOFs have shown significant progress in applications of gas separation, catalysis, and coordination chemistry.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been considered as electric power sources for cars, as well as stationary and portable power sources, due to their high energy efficiency, ease of operation, and environmental friendliness. Furthermore, as a promising power source, integrating PEMFCs into microgrids, which are a common structure in the smart grid framework, has been gaining traction around the world, encouraging the usage of hydrogen energy.
  • 856
  • 09 Aug 2021
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