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Topic Review
Hole-Transporting Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells
Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received particular attention because of the high-power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), facile fabrication route and low cost. The hole-transporting layer (HTL) play an important role in PSCs to effectively extract holes from the perovskite film and to transport holes to the metal electrode in normal PSCs. 
  • 2.6K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
HMO-Glasses with Sb2O3 and TeO2
Among the different types of glasses, heavy metal oxide glasses (HMO) have received a lot of interest lately because of their low phonon characteristics. Glasses with more than 50% mol percent of a heavy metal cation are heavy metal oxide glasses. The glasses TeO2, Sb2O3, Bi2O3, and PbO are repetitive members of the HMO glass family. These glasses are excellent photonic matrices, due to their larger transparency interval that covers the visible to mid-infrared range, better non-linear optical characteristics, greater solubility of rare-earth ions, and lower phonon energies than conventional silicate, borate, and phosphate glasses. Apart from their excellent thermal, mechanical, and chemical durability, heavy metal oxide glasses have outstanding optical and electrical characteristics, including a high refractive index and dielectric constant.
  • 469
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
HMM and SBA Porous Materials
Mesoporous silicas have enjoyed great interest among scientists practically from the moment of their discovery thanks to their unique attractive properties. Many types of mesoporous silicas have been described in literature, the most thoroughly MCM-41 and SBA-15 ones. The methods of syntheses, characterization and use of mesoporous silicas from SBA (Santa Barbara Amorphous) and HMM (Hybrid Mesoporous Materials) groups are presented. The first group is represented by (i) SBA-1 of three-dimensional cubic structure and (ii) SBA-2 of three-dimensional combined hexagonal and cubic structures. The HMM group is represented by (i) HMM-1 of two-dimensional hexagonal structure and (ii) HMM-2 of three-dimensional structure. The paper provides comprehensive information on the above-mentioned silica materials available so far, also including the data for the silicas modified with metal ions or/and organic functional groups and examples of the materials applications.
  • 835
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
History, Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Moisturizers
Moisturizers are one of the most widely used preparations in cosmetics and have been extensively used to soften the skin for consumers. Cosmetically, moisturizers make the skin smooth by the mechanism of increasing the water content in the stratum corneum, hence exerting its most vital action, which is moisturizing action and maintaining a normal skin pH.
  • 3.8K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
History of the Greatest “Minor” Cannabinoid
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an outstanding source of bioactive natural products, with more than 150 different phytocannabinoids isolated; however, studies of their bioactivity have historically concentrated on the so-called “big four” [∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabigerol and cannabichromene]. Among the remaining products, which have traditionally been referred to as “minor cannabinoids”, cannabinol stands out for its important repercussions and implications on the global scientific landscape. 
  • 449
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
History of Pleating
Pleating is basically the process of compressing high-quality hardwood along the grain after plasticization by supporting the sides of the wood to avoid buckling. Many treatment variations can be used with a wide range of parameters. Pleated wood can be bent into small curves in any direction. Industrial pleating is still done today in some parts of the world and its success is influenced by many factors, such as wood species, wood quality, moisture content, compression ratio, fixation time, etc. The treatment significantly changes the physical, mechanical and anatomical parameters of the wood. The first written record of the procedure dates back to 1917, and since then many patents, articles, and books on this subject have been published.
  • 472
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
History of Cellulose in Science and Technology
In the history of cellulose chemistry, hydrogen bonding has been the predominant explanation when discussing intermolecular interactions between cellulose polymers. This is unfortunately the general consensus in scholarly textbooks and in many research articles, and it applies to several other biomacromolecules’ interactions as well. The amphiphilicity of cellulose and many other biopolymers, and thereby hydrophobic interactions, has to be taken into account to get a more complete picture.
  • 423
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Historical Perspective on Membrane Science and Technology
Over the last few decades, considerable effort has been devoted to developing better membranes and extending their range of applications to different areas. Membrane processes already have an established role in gas separation and water treatment, and their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and health areas have been continuously increasing. In the last few years, membrane processes proved to have a key role in biorefinery and bioenergy production processes, namely for process intensification and the recovery and purification of valuable products. Membranes are also a crucial component of electrochemical energy conversion devices, including fuel cells and electrolysers. Moreover, the growing environmental concerns have drawn attention to the use of fossil-based polymers and toxic solvents for membrane fabrication. Therefore, the development of new membranes, using polymers from renewable sources and more sustainable fabrication methods, is being pursued.
  • 853
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
HiPIMS coatings for self-cleaning application: cyclic Reactive Green 12 degradation
We propose a new photocatalytic interface prepared by High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) and investigated for the degradation of Reactive Green 12 (RG12) as target contaminant under visible light LEDs illumination. The CuxO/TiO2 nanoparticulate photocatalyst was sequentially sputtered on polyester (PES). The photocatalyst formulation was optimized by investigating the effect of different parameters such as: the sputtering time of CuxO, the applied current and the deposition mode (Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering, DCMS or HiPIMS). The results show that the fastest RG12 degradation was obtained on CuxO/TiO2 sample prepared at 40 A in HIPIMS mode under low intensity LEDs irradiation. The better self-cleaning efficiency of 53.4% within 360 min was found with 4 mg/L of RG12 initial concentration and 0.05 % Cuwt/PESwt as determined by X-ray Fluorescence. All the prepared samples contain a TiO2 under layer with 0.02% Tiwt/PESwt. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM), both layers were seen uniformly distributed on the PES fibers. The effect of the surface-area to volume (dye volume) ratio (SA/V) on the photocatalytic self-cleaning efficiency was also investigated for the discoloration of 4 mg/L RG12. The CuxO/TiO2 photocatalyst was found to have a good reusability and stability up to 21 cycles. Ions release were quantified by mean of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showing low Cu-ions release.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hip Implant Applications
Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers significant potential as an efficient fabrication technique on personalized organs as it is capable of biomimicking the intricate designs found in nature. In this review, the determining factors for hip replacement and the different fabrication techniques such as direct 3D printing, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and stereolithography (SLA) for hip replacement. The study also covers surface modifications of 3D printed implants and provides an overview on 3D tissue regeneration. To appreciate the current conventional hip replacement practices, the conventional metallic and ceramic materials are covered, highlighting their rationale as the material of choice. Next, the challenges, ethics and trends in the implants’ 3D printing, outlook and challenges are also presented. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Nov 2020
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