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Topic Review
Inhibitor-Enzyme Complexes for New Anti-TB Agents
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most devastating human pathogen, as confirmed by the latest TB Report published in October.
  • 520
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Inherently Antimicrobial Nano-Systems
Inherently antimicrobial properties have been established for a number of materials, including silver, copper, and certain polymers, such as chitosan. Nanomaterials made of these inherently antimicrobial materials have attracted attention for combatting AMR because bacterial resistance to these materials is rare. However, many inherently antimicrobial nanomaterials can be cytotoxic, so they are often combined with other materials in hybrid nano-systems to increase their biocompatibility. These inherently antimicrobial nano-systems have many practical applications.
  • 908
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Inhalant
Inhalants are a broad range of household and industrial chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases can be concentrated and breathed in via the nose or mouth to produce intoxication, in a manner not intended by the manufacturer. They are inhaled at room temperature through volatilization (in the case of gasoline or acetone) or from a pressurized container (e.g., nitrous oxide or butane), and do not include drugs that are sniffed after burning or heating. For example, amyl nitrite (poppers), nitrous oxide and toluene – a solvent widely used in contact cement, permanent markers, and certain types of glue – are considered inhalants, but smoking tobacco, cannabis, and crack are not, even though these drugs are inhaled as smoke or vapor. While a few inhalants are prescribed by medical professionals and used for medical purposes, as in the case of inhaled anesthetics and nitrous oxide (an anxiolytic and pain relief agent prescribed by dentists), this article focuses on inhalant use of household and industrial propellants, glues, fuels, and other products in a manner not intended by the manufacturer, to produce intoxication or other psychoactive effects. These products are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. According to a 1995 report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the most serious inhalant use occurs among homeless children and teenagers who "... live on the streets completely without family ties." Inhalants are the only substance used more by younger teenagers than by older teenagers. Inhalant users inhale vapor or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open container. The practices are known colloquially as "sniffing", "huffing" or "bagging". The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol-like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinations, depending on the substance and the dose. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases or due to other chemicals used in the products that they are inhaling. As with any recreational drug, users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such as driving under the influence. In some cases, users have died from hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, heart failure or arrest, or aspiration of vomit. Brain damage is typically seen with chronic long-term use of solvents as opposed to short-term exposure. Even though many inhalants are legal, there have been legal actions taken in some jurisdictions to limit access by minors. While solvent glue is normally a legal product, a Scottish court has ruled that supplying glue to children is illegal if the store knows the children intend to inhale the glue. In the US, thirty-eight of 50 states have enacted laws making various inhalants unavailable to those under the age of 18 or making inhalant use illegal.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ingredients of Moisturizers
Moisturizers are one of the most widely used preparations in cosmetics and have been extensively used to soften the skin for consumers. Moisturizers work effectively in combating dry skin which may cause pain, tightness, itch, stinging, and/or tingling. Knowing the characteristics and interactions of active ingredients with the skin will allow for better utilization of available moisturizers.
  • 7.9K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Infrared Spectroscopy in Quantification of Food Bioactive Compounds
Infrared spectroscopy (wavelengths ranging from 750–25,000 nm) offers a rapid means of assessing the chemical composition of a wide range of sample types, both for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Its use in the food industry has increased significantly and it is now an accepted analytical technique for the routine analysis of certain analytes. Furthermore, it is commonly used for routine screening and quality control purposes in numerous industry settings, albeit not typically for the analysis of bioactive compounds. 
  • 361
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Infrared Heating Applications in Food Processing
Infrared (IR) technology is highly energy-efficient, less water-consuming, and environmentally friendly compared to conventional heating. Further, it is also characterized by homogeneity of heating, high heat transfer rate, low heating time, low energy consumption, improved product quality, and food safety. Infrared technology is used in many food manufacturing processes, such as drying, boiling, heating, peeling, polyphenol recovery, freeze-drying, antioxidant recovery, microbiological inhibition, sterilization grains, bread, roasting of food, manufacture of juices, and cooking food. 
  • 5.6K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Influenza Antiviral Drugs
Influenza virus is a highly contagious zoonotic respiratory disease that causes seasonal outbreaks each year and unpredictable pandemics occasionally with high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a great threat to public health worldwide. Besides the limited effect of vaccines, the prob-lem is exacerbated by the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against all flu strains. Cur-rently, there are two classes of antiviral drugs available that are chemosynthetic and approved against influenza A virus for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, but the appearance of drug-resistant virus strains is a serious issue that strikes at the core of influenza control. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs. Many reports have shown that the de-velopment of novel bioactive plant extracts and microbial extracts has significant advantages in influenza treatment.
  • 548
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Influencing Factors of Heat Generation
Rubber composites are extensively used in industrial applications for their exceptional elasticity. The fatigue temperature rise occurs during operation, resulting in a serious decline in performance. Reducing heat generation of the composites during cyclic loading will help to avoid substantial overheating that most likely results in the degradation of materials. Influencing factors of heat generation are highlighted, including the Payne effect, Mullins effect, interface interaction, crosslink density, bond rubber content, and fillers. 
  • 410
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Plasticizer´s Polarity on Mechanical Stability
Compared with an styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) sample without plasticizer, the conductivity of mechanically unloaded oil-extended SBR samples decreases by an order of magnitude. The polarity of the plasticizer shows hardly any influence because the plasticizers only affect the distribution of the filler clusters. Under static load, the dielectric properties seem to be oil-dependent. 
  • 411
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Influence of HPT on Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion
Severe plastic deformation (SPD) through the high-pressure torsion (HPT) process has been effectively used in recent years to develop novel active catalysts for CO2 conversion. HPT as an SPD method has been used since 1935 until now for grain refinement and the production of nanostructured materials. In addition to grain refinement, the introduction of various defects, such as vacancies and dislocations, is another feature of HPT, which resulta in the improvement of the functionality of materials proceeded by this method.
  • 321
  • 28 Apr 2023
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