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Topic Review
Internal Modification and Structure Optimization of MOFs
Since the advent of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), researchers have paid extensive attention to MOFs due to their determined structural composition, controllable pore size, and diverse physical and chemical properties. Reasonable internal modification and structure optimization of MOFs may not only make the photosensitive units orderly, but also shorten the distance between the photosensitive units and the catalytic centers, so as to improve the efficiency of photogenerated electrons separation and accelerate the rate of hydrogen evolution.
  • 394
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Intermetallic Compounds for Hydrogen Storage
Intermetallic compounds have attracted great attention because of their wide application in the development of Hstorage alloys. There are many applications for intermetallic compounds, including Hstorage systems, Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery electrodes, Hsensors and catalysts, and cooling systems. Intermetallic compounds are attractive in the development of Hstorage alloys because they can absorb large amounts of H. In addition, they are abundant and have diverse ingredients.
  • 379
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Intermediate-Temperature Embrittlement of Metals and Alloys
The intermediate-temperature embrittlement range was examined for Fe, Al, Cu, and Ni alloys. It was found that this embrittlement occurs in many alloys, although the causes are very diverse. Embrittlement can be due to fine matrix precipitation, precipitate free zones, melting of compounds at the grain boundaries, segregation of elements to the boundaries, and, additionally for steel, the presence of the soft ferrite film surrounding the harder austenite matrix. Grain boundary sliding and segregation to the boundaries seem to dominate the failure mode at the base of the trough when intergranular failure takes place. When cracking is due to the presence of hydrogen or liquid films at the boundary, then the dissociation along the boundaries is so easy, it is often independent of the strain rate and is always intergranular. 
  • 271
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 Induced Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with widespread barrier dysfunction and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. AD is an imbalance in the Th2 immune response where there is an increase in the gene expression levels of major Th2 cytokines during the acute phase.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Interlayer Chemical Modulation of Electronic Phase Transitions
Two-dimensional metal chalcogenides (2D-MCs) with complex interactions are usually rich in phase transition behavior, such as superconductivity, charge density wave (CDW), and magnetic transitions, which hold great promise for the exploration of exciting physical properties and functional applications. Interlayer chemical modulation, as a renewed surface modification method, presents congenital advantages to regulate the phase transitions of 2D-MCs due to its confined space, strong guest–host interactions, and local and reversible modulation without destructing the host lattice, whereby new phenomena and functionalities can be produced.
  • 391
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Interfacial Polymerization Techniques for TFC/TFN
Here, we review various novel/modified interfacial polymerization (IP) techniques for the fabrication of polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC)/thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes in both pressure-driven and osmotically driven separation processes. Although conventional IP technique is the dominant technology for the fabrication of commercial nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, it is plagued with issues of low membrane permeability, relatively thick PA layer and susceptibility to fouling, which limit the performance. Over the past decade, we have seen a significant growth in scientific publications related to the novel/modified IP techniques used in fabricating advanced PA-TFC/TFN membranes for various water applications. Novel/modified IP lab-scale studies have consistently, so far, yielded promising results compared to membranes made by conventional IP technique, in terms of better filtration efficiency (increased permeability without compensating solute rejection), improved chemical properties (crosslinking degree), reduced surface roughness and the perfect embedment of nanomaterials within selective layers. Furthermore, several new IP techniques can precisely control the thickness of the PA layer at sub-10 nm and significantly reduce the usage of chemicals.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Interesterified Fat
Interesterified fat is a type of oil where the fatty acids have been moved from one triglyceride molecule to another. This is generally done to modify the melting point, slow rancidification, and create an oil more suitable for deep frying or making palatable margarine with low saturated fat content. It is not the same as partial hydrogenation which produces trans fatty acids, but interesterified fats used in the food industry can come from hydrogenated fat,[clarification needed] for simplicity and frugality.
  • 887
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Interactions of Cells and Biomaterials for Nervous System
Neural injuries affect millions globally, significantly impacting their quality of life. The inability of these injuries to heal, limited ability to regenerate, and the lack of available treatments make regenerative medicine and tissue engineering a promising field of research for developing methods for nerve repair.
  • 174
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Interactions between Atmospheric Oxygen and MoS2 Crystals
MoS2 belongs to a class of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). TMDCs share a common formula MeX2, where Me is a transition metal element from group four (Ti, Zr, Hf), five (V, Nb or Ta) or six (Mo, W), and X is a chalcogen (S, Se or Te). Their crystalline structure comprises an inner Me layer sandwiched by two X layers. Herein, thermal oxidation of the microscopic MoS2 flakes is reviewed. An impact of relative humidity is also mentioned.
  • 555
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Interaction-Induced Structural Transformations in Polysaccharide and Protein-Polysaccharide Gels
Polysaccharides are biocompatible nontoxic natural polymer compounds. They are widely used as functional soft-matter for exploration in the food industry, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and other biomedical research and applications. The tunable macroscopic properties of gels should meet case-dependent requirements. The admixture of proteins to polysaccharides and their coupling in more sophisticated structures opens an avenue for gel property tuning via physical cross-linking of components and the modification of gel network structure.
  • 774
  • 24 May 2022
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