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Topic Review
Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyesters
Polyester is a kind of polymer composed of ester bond-linked polybasic acids and polyol. This type of polymer has a wide range of applications in various industries, such as automotive, furniture, coatings, packaging, and biomedical. The traditional process of synthesizing polyester mainly uses metal catalyst polymerization under high-temperature. This condition may have problems with metal residue and undesired side reactions. As an alternative, enzyme-catalyzed polymerization is evolving rapidly due to the metal-free residue, satisfactory biocompatibility, and mild reaction conditions.   
  • 625
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanoplasmonics Enabling Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy
Advances in the state of the art for early cancer detection and therapy have led to a paradigm shift in the way the disease is detected and treated. In particular, treatments have become much more targeted and localized to minimize systemic body-wide side effects common in traditional treatment methods such as chemotherapy. At the forefront of this revolution is the utilization of plasmonic gold nanoparticles, which have gained increasing attention as a highly effective nanoplatform ranging from drug delivery to plasmonics-enhanced treatments such as photothermal therapy.
  • 396
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents as à-la-Carte Medium
Regarding the chemical industry, one of the most significant issues to be addressed is the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as solvents because they are petrol-derived and most of them are toxic and flammable. Among the possible solutions, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives to VOCs in organic catalyzed transformations and other fields. The advantages of these new reaction media are not only related to their more benign physical and chemical properties and, for most of them, their renewable sources but also due to the possibility of being recycled after their use, increasing the sustainability of the catalyzed process in which they are involved.
  • 681
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antibacterial Activity of Heterocyclic Compounds
Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds which contain the atoms of two discrete elements as representative of their ring(s). They belong to one of the larger classes of organic compounds and also appear more valuable in different fields of chemistry.
  • 942
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
MXene-Based NA Biosensors in the Agricultural Food System
MXene is a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial that exhibits several superior properties suitable for fabricating biosensors. Likewise, the nucleic acid (NA) in oligomerization forms possesses highly specific biorecognition ability and other features amenable to biosensing. Hence the combined use of MXene and NA is becoming increasingly common in biosensor design and development. NAs in oligomerization forms are usually integrated into biosensors as biorecognition elements due to their high specificity toward different target entities. The most well-known NAs are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). According to the development stage, there are three kinds of NA biosensors, each with a unique function: (1) genosensor, (2) aptasensor, and (3) DNAzyme/aptazyme biosensors. These biosensors are now widely explored and used in different areas, e.g., food safety monitoring, environment analysis, etc.
  • 562
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Derivatization Strategies in Flavor Analysis
Wine and beer are the most appreciated and consumed beverages in the world. This success is mainly due to their characteristic taste, smell, and aroma, which can delight consumer’s palates. These olfactory characteristics are produced from specific classes of volatile compounds called “volatile odor-active compounds” linked to different factors such as age and production. Given the vast market of drinking beverages, the characterization of these odor compounds is increasingly important. However, the chemical complexity of these beverages has led the scientific community to develop several analytical techniques for extracting and quantifying these molecules. Even though the recent “green-oriented” trend is directed towards direct preparation-free procedures, for some class of analytes a conventional step like derivatization is unavoidable.
  • 770
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Modifications Approaches of Potato Constituents
There are various physical, chemical, and biochemical modifications approaches for potato constituents. Physical modifications to alter the physicochemical properties of powders including starches and proteins are e.g., hydrothermal treatment, irradiation, ultrasonication and high-pressure treatment. Starches and proteins, which have been modified via physical methods do not have to be claimed as “modified”. Physical modification is also viewed as cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, because no hazardous substances (chemicals) are used. Chemical modifications refer to the substitution, cross-linking or degradation of a polymer via chemical reaction. Starch contains a large number of hydroxyl groups, and proteins contain a variety of different functional groups (hydroxyl-, carboxyl-, amine groups, etc.). These functional groups can be used as reactive sides for chemical modification reactions such as acylation, esterification, etherification, cross-linking, grafting, acid hydrolysis and oxidation. Biochemical modifications of starches and proteins including enzymatic substitution, cross-linking or hydrolysis are usually regarded as a clean or green alternative to chemical modification. Throughout the different biochemical modification methods, substrate specific enzymes can be used such as in enzymatic de-/branching modification, where the branched structure of potato starch can be altered to effect starch crystallinity and thus its properties.
  • 819
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks for Water Remediation
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a highly mobile cancerogenic and teratogenic heavy metal ion. Among the varied technologies applied today to address chromium water pollution, photocatalysis offers a rapid reduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). In contrast to classic photocatalysts, Metal-Organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous semiconductors that can couple the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) photoreduction to the chromium species immobilization. 
  • 503
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
NIR-II Emissive Semiconducting Polymer Dots
Much effort has been devoted to developing Pdots with emission bands located in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) region, which hold great advantages of higher spatial resolution, better signal-to-background ratios (SBR), and deeper tissue penetration for solid-tumor imaging in comparison with the visible region (400–680 nm) and the first near-infrared (NIR-I, 680–900 nm) window, by virtue of the reduced tissue autofluorescence, minimal photon scattering, and low photon absorption.
  • 510
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Limitation Turned into an Advantage in Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment consists of cellular and non-cellular components. The former includes numerous stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The tumor microenvironment (TME) is fundamentally immunosuppressive to defend tumor cells against immune surveillance. In fact, the TME provides the best supporting system for cancers to grow. Therefore, combatting TME conditions seems to be a wise approach to cancer therapy.
  • 307
  • 15 Dec 2022
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