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Topic Review
Polylactic Acid Biopolymer in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing
3D printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing method that enables rapid prototyping and design flexibility. A variety of thermoplastic polymers can be used in printing. As it is necessary to reduce the consumption of petrochemical resources, alternative solutions are being researched, and the interest in using bioplastics and biocomposites is constantly growing. Multi-material printing using polymers is the subject of research led by many scientists worldwide. The number of materials for printing is practically unlimited, especially considering the independent production of filaments or their modification, which is becoming easier and is more available for research institutions. One popular and economic printing technique using polymers is the fused deposition modeling (FDM)/Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology.
  • 559
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Polylactic Acid and Its Synthesis
Biomaterials are natural or engineered substances that interact with components of living systems that can be exploited for a medical purpose, either as therapeutic or diagnostic agents.  Poly-(lactic Acid) (PLA) is a compostable polymer derived from corn sugar, potato, and sugar cane whose promising physicochemical properties are comparable to those of petroleum-based polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate. PLA is a semicrystalline polymer that hydrolyses in physiological media, yielding lactic acid, a non-toxic component that is eliminated via the Krebs cycle as water and carbon dioxide. The biocompatibility, biodegradability, and resorbability characteristics of PLA have promoted its use in the biomedical field for a wide range of applications (suture threads, bone fixation screws, drug delivery systems, etc.), offering an alternative to conventional biocompatible materials such as metals and ceramics.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Polylactic Acid
As a degradable and environmentally friendly polymer, polylactic acid, also known as polylactide, is favored by researchers and has been used as a commercial material in various studies. Lactic acid, as a synthetic raw material of polylactic acid, can only be obtained by sugar fermentation. Good biocompatibility and biodegradability have led it to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a biomedical material. Polylactic acid has good physical properties, and its modification can optimize its properties to a certain extent. Polylactic acid blocks and blends play significant roles in drug delivery, implants, and tissue engineering to great effect.  This entry introduces synthesis and biological application of polylactic acid.
  • 4.3K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Polyisoprene Rubber
Rubber materials have been used in a wide range of applications, from automotive parts to special-design engineering pieces, as well as in the pharmaceutical, food, electronics, and military industries, among others. Since the discovery of the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) in 1838, the continuous demand for this material has intensified the quest for a synthetic substitute with similar properties.
  • 961
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Poly(lactic acid)'s Biodegradation
The synthesis process for two types of biopolymer: PHAs and PLA. Synthesis of PHAs involves bacteria fermentation and extraction procedure. PLA is chemically synthesised via condensation polymerization of lactic acid (LA).
  • 665
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers. These biomaterials have grown in importance in the fields of tissue engineering and tissue reconstruction for structural applications where tissue morphology is critical, such as bone, cartilage, blood vessels, and skin, among others. Furthermore, they can be used to accelerate the regeneration in combination with drugs, as drug delivery systems, thus reducing microbial infections. When cells are cultured under stress conditions, a wide variety of microorganisms produce them as a store of intracellular energy in the form of homo- and copolymers of [R]—hydroxyalkanoic acids, depending on the carbon source used for microorganism growth. 
  • 754
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable and biocompatible polymers that can be obtained through microbial fermentation of agro-industrial byproducts, e.g., milk and cheese whey by using both microbial consortia and pure bacterial cultures.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a family of microbial polyesters which comprise of a large family of thermoplastic polymers. They are produced by a variety of prokaryotic microorganisms under unbalanced nutrition conditions as carbon and energy storage materials.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Polyethyleneimine-Based Lipopolyplexes
Lipopolyplexes based on poliethylenimine are an interesting platform for future anti-cancer gene therapies. The carrier consists of nucleic acids condensed with poliethylenimine chains and enclosed in lipid vesicles. Lipopolyplexes could be very versatile, what enables tailoring the carrier for specific thereapeutic needs, however the preparation process is a multistage and fairly sensitive one, which additionally requires a specific balance to be maintained between its stability in the body, which would allow the appropriate dose of the preparation to reach the target site, and the ability to release nucleic acid at the right place and time.
  • 597
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Polyethyleneimine-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Theranostics
With the development of nanotechnology, various types of polymer-based drug delivery systems have been designed for biomedical applications. Polymer-based drug delivery systems with desirable biocompatibility can be efficiently delivered to tumor sites with passive or targeted effects and combined with other therapeutic and imaging agents for cancer theranostics. As an effective vehicle for drug and gene delivery, polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been extensively studied due to its rich surface amines and excellent water solubility.
  • 379
  • 27 Dec 2022
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