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Topic Review
Power Generation Using Dielectric Elastomers
Power generation using dielectric elastomer (DE) artificial muscle is attracting attention because of its light weight, low cost, and high-efficiency. Since this method is a system that produces electricity without emitting carbon dioxide nor using rare earths, it would contribute to the goal of environmental sustainability. 
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Commercially Important Chlorinated Phenols
Phenols are compounds having a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring such as a benzene or naphthalene ring. Several phenols that also possess one or more chlorine substituents attached to the aromatic ring have significant commercial importance, and these are the subject of this entry.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Red Seaweed Pigments
Algae taxa are notably diverse regarding pigment diversity and composition, red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) being a valuable source of phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrins, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin), carotenes (carotenoids and xanthophylls), and chlorophyll a. These pigments have a considerable biotechnological potential, which has been translated into several registered patents and commercial applications. 
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Starch–Mucilage Composite Films
Generally, starch is an edible carbohydrate complex, composed of a linear polymer, amylose (a linear molecule with few branches), and amylopectin (branched-chain molecule). Therefore, the presence of amylose in large quantities provides excellent strength while a high level of amylopectin is responsible for the reduction of the tensile strength during the production of a film. However, starch-based films have limitations in their ability to bear various environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, and natural gases during the handling due to their low strength, flexibility, rigidity, and high hydrophilic nature. To overcome this issue, the combination of starch and mucilage can be used as a binary polymer alternative to improve the mechanical properties of the packaging film. Additionally, the addition of several biopolymers such as cellulose, gum, and gelatin into a starch blend can change the network formation in the film matrix, improving the physicochemical and biological properties of the film. Moreover, mucilage is a water-soluble edible polysaccharide, extensively used in the food industry due to its excellent functional properties (antimicrobial, antioxidant, water-holding, oil holding, and foaming capacity), and diverse industrial applications such as thickening agent, binding agent, emulsifying agent, and suspending agent. Mucilage has a great potential to produce a stable polymeric network that confines the starch granules, which delay the release of amylose in resulting the improvement of the mechanical property of films.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Terpenes and Terpenoids for Bioplastics
This entry describes the most common types of bioplastics and biopolymers, and focuses specifically on the polymerization of terpenes and terpenoids, which represent a source of promising monomers to create bio-based polymers and copolymers.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Conducting Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA is a lightweight insulating material that is known for its high Young's Modulus and good optical transmittance properties. Benefiting from these properties, there are recently vast interests to produce conducting PMMA for various applications including electronics, corrosion protective coatings,  diodes, sensors, and many more. Conducting PMMA is possible to produce by incorporating conducting polymers such as  polyaniline (PANi) by physical blending method or by co-polymerization technique. PANi has been the main choice to incorporate with PMMA due to its good conductivity, better environmental stability, and good redox reversibility. In addition, the limitations of PANi include poor adhesion, low mechanical stability and, limited solubility in most organic solvents can be surpassed by blending or co-polymerizing with thermoplastics such as PMMA.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Certain bacteria constitute a threat to humans due to their ability to escape host defenses as they easily develop drug resistance. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative according to the composition of the cell membrane structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane (OM) that is not present in their gram-positive counterpart; the latter instead hold a thicker peptidoglycan (PG) layer. Bacterial resistance to these drugs continues to evolve, which calls for novel antibacterial approaches to be developed.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Graphene and Graphene-Related Materials
Graphene is the most outstanding material among the new nanostructured carbonaceous species discovered and produced. Graphene’s astonishing properties (i.e., electronic conductivity, mechanical robustness, large surface area) have led to a deep change in the material science field.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of β-Lactams
Stereoselective synthesis of cis and trans β-lactams under diverse conditions is performed.  Numerous conditions are used for this study. The formation of β-lactam depends on the conditions of the experiments, structures of the imines and acid chlorides, order of addition of the reagents, reaction temperature, and solvents. A few mathematical graphs are plotted to explain the results.   
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Phosphorus Compounds of Natural Origin
Natural phosphorus compounds are essential for modern biological systems, and their diverse biological properties testify to their importance in the world of living organisms. They provide stable ligation necessary for fixing information in RNA and DNA, contribute to cellular structure in phospholipids, serve as the main source of biochemical energy (eg, ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, creatinephosphate), and are present in a large number of metabolites. Сentral place that phosphates retain in biological systems allows us to conclude that they played an important role in the emergence of life on Earth. In recent years, a large number of natural phosphorus compounds have been isolated from living organisms and significant advances have been made in understanding the effect of phosphates on prebiotic chemistry.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2021
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