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Topic Review
Chronic Periodontal Disease
Periodontitis (PD) is an infection-driven inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues caused by pathogenic microorganisms, which have been characterized by disruption of the tooth-supporting structures. In periodontal disease treatment, the conventional route of drug administration has many drawbacks such as poor biodistribution, low selectivity of the therapeutic effect, burst release of the drug, and damage to healthy cells. To overcome these difficulties, controlled drug delivery systems have been evolved as an alternative method to address oral infectious disease ailments. The use of drug delivery devices proves to be an excellent auxiliary method in enhancing the quality and effectiveness in periodontitis treatment, which includes inaccessible periodontal pockets. In the literature, there have been described as many various polymer-based delivery systems such as hydrogels, liposomes, micro-, and nanoparticles, which can be used in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. The review shows the current state of knowledge regarding the applications of various polymer-based delivery systems such as hydrogels, liposomes, micro-, and nanoparticles in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease.
  • 838
  • 27 Jul 2020
Topic Review
OSN-TFC Membranes for Non-Polar Solvents
separation system owing to its excellent cost and energy saving efficiency, easy scale-up in the narrow area and mild operation conditions. Membrane properties are the key part in terms of determining the separation efficiency in the OSN system. In this entry, the recently reported OSN thin-film composite (TFC) membranes were investigated to understand insight of membrane materials and performance.
  • 837
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Metal Complexes of the Porphyrin-Functionalized Polybenzoxazine
Porphyrin is a molecular material with many potential applications. New porphyrin-functionalized benzoxazine (Por-BZ) in high purity and yield was synthesized in this study based on 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analyses through the reduction of Schiff base formed from tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) and salicylaldehyde and the subsequent reaction with CH2O. Thermal properties of the product formed through ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of Por-BZ were measured using DSC, TGA and FTIR spectroscopy. Because of the rigid structure of the porphyrin moiety appended to the benzoxazine unit, the temperature required for ROP (314 °C) was higher than the typical Pa-type benzoxazine monomer (ca. 260 °C); furthermore, poly(Por-BZ) possessed a high thermal decomposition temperature (Td10 = 478 °C) and char yield (66 wt%) after thermal polymerization at 240 °C. An investigation of the thermal and luminescence properties of metal–porphyrin complexes revealed that the insertion of Ni and Zn ions decreased the thermal ROP temperatures of the Por-BZ/Ni and Por-BZ/Zn complexes significantly, to 241 and 231 °C, respectively. The metal ions acted as the effective promoter and catalyst for the thermal polymerization of the Por-BZ monomer, and also improved the thermal stabilities after thermal polymerization. 
  • 837
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Biocompounds in Potato Peel
Potato germplasm is characterized by a huge variability in composition and concentration of secondary metabolites that play a role in increasing plant ability to cope with environmental challenges, due to their reported biocide activity on insects, bacteria, and fungi. Their distribution within the tuber is not uniform: Most of them are concentrated in the peel, made of periderm tissue, whose cell layers contain corky cell walls, which confer protection from phytopathogens, especially during tuber growth and storage. Thus, considering that potato peel is constantly exposed to biotic stresses, it is not surprising that it is a precious source of bioactive compounds, mainly phenolics and alkaloids, which have an enormous potential to deliver new bioprotectors.
  • 837
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensing of Dopamine Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are biochemical molecules that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, thus being essential to the function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Dopamine is one of the most important catecholamine neurotransmitters since it is involved in many functions of the human central nervous system, including motor control, reward, or reinforcement. It is of utmost importance to quantify the amount of dopamine since abnormal levels can cause a variety of medical and behavioral problems. 
  • 836
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Luminescent Ln-Ionic Liquids beyond Europium
What is called an ionic liquid (IL) has a very broad definition, comprising multiple substances possessing a wide diversity of structures and properties. An IL consists of both organic and inorganic ions, and may contain more than one cation or anion. Normally, a substance is considered to be an IL if completely composed of ions, with a melting point below 100 °C. Ionic liquids containing lanthanides or lanthanide compounds in ionic liquids are very important in the field of soft luminescent materials. 
  • 835
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Naphthoquinones and Their Derivatives
In the current era, an ever-emerging threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens pose serious health challenges to mankind. Researchers are uninterruptedly putting their efforts to design and develop alternative, innovative strategies to tackle the antibiotic resistance displayed by varied pathogens. Among several naturally derived and chemically synthesized compounds, quinones have achieved a distinct position to defeat microbial pathogens.
  • 835
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cellulose/Graphene Composites for Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles of engineering and life sciences to obtain biomaterials capable of maintaining, improving, or substituting the function of various tissues or even an entire organ. In virtue of its high availability, biocompatibility, and versatility, cellulose was considered a promising platform for such applications. The combination of cellulose with graphene or graphene derivatives leads to the obtainment of superior composites in terms of cellular attachment, growth and proliferation, integration into host tissue, and stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages.
  • 835
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
LaGaO3-Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrolytes
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are efficient electrochemical devices that allow for the direct conversion of fuels (their chemical energy) into electricity. Although conventional SOFCs based on YSZ electrolytes are widely used from laboratory to commercial scales, the development of alternative ion-conducting electrolytes is of great importance for improving SOFC performance at reduced operation temperatures. The basic information has been studied on representative family of oxygen-conducting electrolytes, such as doped lanthanum gallates (LaGaO3). Complex oxides based on LaGaO3 offer a convenient basis for the design of oxygen-conducting electrolytes that can be employed in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. A rational combination of appropriate dopants incorporated at various sublattices of LaGaO3 allows superior transport properties to be achieved for co-doped derivatives (La1−xSrxGa1−yMgyO3−δ, LSGM).
  • 835
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensors for Pathogen Detection
Electrochemical biosensors are a family of biosensors that use an electrochemical transducer to perform their functions. In recent decades, many electrochemical biosensors have been created for pathogen detection. These biosensors for detecting infections have been comprehensively studied in terms of transduction elements, biorecognition components, and electrochemical methods. The integration of transducers and electrode changes in biosensor design is a major discussion topic. Pathogen detection methods can be categorized by sample preparation and secondary binding processes. Diagnostics in medicine, environmental monitoring, and biothreat detection can benefit from electrochemical biosensors to ensure food and water safety.
  • 835
  • 02 Nov 2022
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