Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single-cell green alga about 10 micrometres in diameter that swims with two flagella. It has a cell wall made of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, a large cup-shaped chloroplast, a large pyrenoid, and an eyespot that senses light. Chlamydomonas species are widely distributed worldwide in soil and fresh water. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an especially well studied biological model organism, partly due to its ease of culturing and the ability to manipulate its genetics. When illuminated, C. reinhardtii can grow photoautotrophically, but it can also grow in the dark if supplied with organic carbon. Commercially, C. reinhardtii is of interest for producing biopharmaceuticals and biofuel, as well being a valuable research tool in making hydrogen.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chloramine
Chloramines are derivatives of ammonia by substitution of one, two or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms: monochloramine (chloroamine, NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3). The term chloramine also refers to a family of organic compounds with the formulas R2NCl and RNCl2 (where R is an organic group). Monochloramine (chloramine) is an inorganic compound with the formula NH2Cl. It is an unstable colorless liquid at its melting point of −66 °C (−87 °F), but it is usually handled as a dilute aqueous solution, in which form it is sometimes used as a disinfectant. Chloramine is too unstable to have its boiling point measured. It is listed as a tumorigen and mutagen. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 13.80 to 18.41 U.S. dollars per 500 grams.
  • 3.0K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chlorine in an Organic Molecule
Due to the electronic configuration of the atom and charge of the nucleus, the chlorine in organic molecules can exert a variety of effects. It can depart as a chloride anion in the process of substitution and elimination, facilitates the abstraction of protons and stabilizes generated carbanions, exerts moderate stabilizing effect of carbenes, carbocations and radicals. There are frequent cases where chlorine substituent promotes more than one transformation. 
  • 127
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Chlorophyll and TiO2
Chlorophyll sensitization can improve the performance of semiconductors like TiO2 in photocatalytic reactions and light-harvesting technologies, such as solar cells. Faced with the search for renewable energy sources and sustainable technologies, the application of this natural pigment has been gaining prominence.
  • 141
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cholinergic Signaling and Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures with neuronal hyperexcitability. Apart from the classical imbalance between excitatory glutamatergic transmission and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic transmission, cumulative evidence suggest that cholinergic signaling is crucially involved in the modulation of neural excitability and epilepsy.
  • 847
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Cholinesterase Methods for Nerve Agents Detection Using Optical Evaluation
The extreme toxicity of nerve agents and the broad spectrum of their physical and chemical properties, enabling the use of these agents in a variety of tactical situations, is a continuing challenge in maintaining the knowledge and capability to detect them, as well as in finding new effective methods. With the military standardization of V-series agents (VX), the sensitivity of traditional chemical methods was no longer satisfactory; therefore, increased attention was paid to cholinesterase methods. The reduction of enzyme activity after contact with NAs allows for the detection of these cholinesterase inhibitors with high sensitivity since, in this case, one and the same enzyme acts as both a sensitive element and an amplifier of the analytical signal.
  • 208
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay in Nanotoxicology
Nanomaterials unveil many applicational possibilities for technical and medical purposes, which range from imaging techniques to the use as drug carriers. Prior to any human application, analysis of undesired effects and characterization of their toxicological profile is mandatory. To address this topic, animal models, and rodent models in particular, are most frequently used. However, as the reproducibility and transferability to the human organism of animal experimental data is increasingly questioned and the awareness of animal welfare in society increases at the same time, methodological alternatives are urgently required. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is an increasingly popular in ovo experimental organism suitable for replacement of rodent experimentation.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Chromatographic Methods for Quercetin Quantification from Natural Sources
Quercetin (QUE) is the most widely used flavonoid for therapeutic purposes. To improve the available knowledge about the properties of some natural products, determining the amount of QUE is crucial. Accordingly, the development, optimization and validation of analytical methods capable of featuring the amount of QUE in natural products is not only usefull, but necessary.
  • 189
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chromatographic-Based Platforms
Chromatography, which means to show with colors, is certainly among the most important analytical procedures supporting science and human development in the last century. Chromatography is present in the most diverse fields of human activity, spanning from science to the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries and the areas of health and the environment. According to the IUPAC definition, chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary (stationary phase) while the other (the mobile phase) moves in a definite direction. In scientific terms, chromatography is not one, but several related techniques able to separate mixtures and it is so powerful that it can be used to separate proteins differing in a single amino acid, compounds differing only in the spatial orientation of a functional group or a volatile compound in a mixture.
  • 607
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Chromatography in Ukraine
The development of chromatographic science in Ukraine is due to the widespread use of chromatography to solve practical problems. The centers of chromatographic research in Ukraine are in large cities: Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Odessa, and others. Along with the development of chromatographic research methods, analysis methods for control of food and agricultural raw materials, medicinal products, petroleum products, and determination of the environmental pollution state are created. Chromatography is used in medicine, pharmacology, biology, and other sciences.
  • 922
  • 14 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 465
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback